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A-Level Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the respiration word equation?

A

Glucose + oxygen —-> CO2 + H2O

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2
Q

What is the symbol equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

Why is respiration important?

A

All living things respire
Form ATP from the breakdown of glucose
Cells use ATP as immediate energy source

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4
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Anaerobic

Aerobic

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5
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Complex organic molecules that are used by enzymes to accept or donate molecules in a reaction

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6
Q

What is respiration?

A

A series of reactions in which energy is transferred from organic compounds, such as carbohydrates to the temporary energy store, ATP

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7
Q

What are the four stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

Cytoplasm of mitochondria

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9
Q

Where does LR happen?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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10
Q

Where does krebs happen?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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11
Q

Where does OP happen?

A

Cristae of mitochondria

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12
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

Activation of glucose by phosphorylation
Splitting phosphorylated glucose into 2X TP
Oxidation of TP = H removed from each TP then H transferred to NAD+ to form rNAD
Production of ATP = enzymes convert 3C TP to 3C pyruvate
2X ATP generated from ADP (net)

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13
Q

Why is 2X Pi added to glucose (in activation of glucose by phosphorylation in glycolysis)?

A

More reactive by adding 2X Pi

Provides energy to activate glucose + lower AE needed for following enzyme controlled reaction

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14
Q

Where does the 2X Pi come from in glycolysis?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP = 2X ATP spent

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15
Q

What is the total yield of glycolysis?

A

2X ATP - small but fast (used to phosphorylate glucose)
2X rNAD
2X pyruvate

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16
Q

Because respiration is carried out by all living things what does it provide evidence for?

A

Common ancestry

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17
Q

What does the link reaction do?

A

Link glycolysis to krebs

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18
Q

Why does the link reaction occur twice for every glucose molecule?

A

For each glucose molecule in glycolysis 2X pyruvate made

LR uses 1 pyruvate molecule so krebs can happen = 2x for every glucose molecule

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19
Q

What is the overall equation for 1 link reaction?

A

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA —-> Acetyl CoA + rNAD + CO2

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20
Q

What happens in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate (3C) decarboxylated to form CO2
Remaining 2C product (acetate) combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
Oxidation reaction occurs where NAD collects H atoms = forms rNAD

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21
Q

What is not produced in the link reaction?

A

ATP

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22
Q

Where does acetyl CoA go from link reaction?

A

Krebs

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23
Q

Where does CO2 go from link reaction?

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A

Released as waste

24
Q

Where does rNAD go from link reaction?

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A

Oxidative phosphorylation

25
Describe the process of the krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA (from LR) joins oxaloacetate to form citrate CoA goes back to LR to be reused 6C citrate decarboxylated + dehydrogenated H reduces NAD 5C compound formed Converted to 4C molecule the decarboxylated + dehydrogenated Forms rFAD + 2X rNAD ATP produced 4C oxaloacetate then joins with acetyl CoA STARTS AGAIN
26
How much ATP is formed in krebs?
Only small amount
27
What is taken away from krebs by coenzymes?
Majority of its potential energy | Later converted to ATP
28
What does NAD + FAD do?
Carry H atoms between molecules
29
What are the products of krebs?
2X CO2 1X ATP rNAD + rFAD
30
What is the rNAD + rFAD from krebs later used in?
Oxidative phosphorylation
31
Why does OP happen in the cristae of membrane?
As enzymes proteins for OP are found here
32
Why is there a step by step approach?
Lots of energy released in one step = lots lost as heat If released slowly over no. of steps = more energy available for use of organism This is why NAD + FAD transfer electrons gradually
33
Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation
H atoms from glycolysis + krebs join NAD + FAD rNAD + rFAD donate e- donate to 1st e- transport module e- pass along ETC in a series of redox reactions As e- pass along chain they release energy, which causes active transport of H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane into inter membrane space H+ gather in area between mitochondrial membranes They then diffuse back into matrix through ATP synthase channels in inner mitochondrial membrane At the end of the chain the electrons combine with the H+ + O2 ----> H2O O2 = final acceptor of e- in transport chain
34
What are the glucose alternatives in respiration?
Lipids | Proteins
35
Describe the respiration of process of lipids
``` Hydrolysed into glycerol + fatty acids Glycerol = phosphorylated Converted to TP TP ----> pyruvate Then enters LR + krebs Fatty acids = hydrolysed into 2C fragments Converted to acetyl CoA Joins krebs ```
36
Why is it useful that oxidation of lipids produce lots of H atoms?
Useful coz they produce ATP during OP
37
How much more energy does lipids release in respiration compared to carbohydrates?
2X more
38
Describe the respiration process of proteins
Hydrolysed to amino acids Deaminated (amino acid removed) They enter respiratory pathway at different points depending on no. of carbons 4C compounds converted to intermediate in krebs
39
Why is O2 important?
O2 = final acceptor | H atoms produced in glycolysis + krebs can be converted to H2O + drive ATP production
40
What happens without O2?
Krebs cycle + ETC can't take place So pyruvate builds up Also rNAD no longer releases H Creates backlog rNAD = no NAD regenerated
41
What must rNAD (produced in glycolysis) be oxidised into and why?
NAD+ so it can be reused
42
If NAD+ remained what would happen?
There would be no carriers to take up H atoms released during glycolysis = glycolysis would stop
43
What happens to make sure NAD+ doesn't remain?
NAD+ is replenished by pyruvate Pyruvate accepts H from rNAD Newly oxidised NAD+ can be reused in glycolysis
44
What are the two types of anaerobic respiration carried out by eukaryotic cells?
Plants + microorganisms (fungi + bacteria) | Animals
45
What is pyruvate converted to in plant + microorganism anaerobic respiration?
Ethanol + CO2
46
What is pyruvate converted to in animal anaerobic respiration?
Lactate
47
Describe the process of anaerobic respiration in plants + microorganisms
Pyruvate decarboxylated Forms ethanal Ethanal reduced by H atoms supplied by rNAD Forms ethanol
48
What is the equation for the process of anaerobic respiration in plants + microorganisms?
Pyruvate + NADH ----> Ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
49
What are the uses of anaerobic respiration in plants + microorganisms?
Yeast + brewing industry Yeast grown anaerobically Ferments natural carbohydrates from plant products eg. Grapes (wine)/ barley seeds (beer)
50
Why does anaerobic respiration occur in animals?
To overcome temporary O2 shortage | Survival advantage
51
What is an example of a survival advantage of anaerobic respiration?
H2O with low O2 | Immediately after birth
52
Describe the process of anaerobic respiration in animals
rNAD (from glycolysis) accumulates in O2 shortage Must be removed Pyruvate takes up 2X H from NADH = lactate (via reduction) So NAD+ regenerated
53
What is the equation for the process of anaerobic respiration in animals?
Pyruvate + NADH ----> Lactate + NAD+
54
What happens in animals when O2 is available again, after anaerobic respiration?
Lactate oxidised to pyruvate Pyruvate can then be further oxidised to release energy OR converted back to glucose
55
What is the problem with the process following O2 being available after anaerobic respiration?
Regeneration of glucose requires lots of ATP (Produced in aerobic respiration) Leads to O2 debt
56
What is O2 debt?
Where the athlete is continuing a high level of O2 consumption
57
What are the problems with lactate?
Muscles cramp + fatigue Is an acid = pH changes = affects enzyme action Removed by blood + taken to liver where converted to glycogen

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