Control of blood glucose concentration

Question 1

What is hyperglycaemic?

Answer 1

Lots of sugar = H2O removed

Question 2

What is hypoglycaemic?

Answer 2

Not enough sugar = energy deprived from cells

Question 3

Where does glucose come from?

Answer 3

Diet
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis

Question 4

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 4

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 5

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 5

Formation of glycogen from excess glucose

Question 6

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 6

Production of glucose

Question 7

What is the glucose made from produced in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 7

Glycerol + amino acids (liver)

Question 8

Why is the pancreas important?

Answer 8

Produces digestive enzymes

Produces hormones

Question 9

What does the pancreas contain?

Answer 9

Islets of Langerhans

Question 10

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

Answer 10

Insulin

Glucagon

Question 11

What does glucagon do?

Answer 11

Increase blood sugar levels

Question 12

What does insulin do?

Answer 12

Decrease blood sugar levels

Question 13

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 13

Hormones producing cells

Beta + alpha cells

Question 14

Which cells produce glucagon?

Answer 14

Alpha cells

Question 15

Which cells produce insulin?

Answer 15

Beta cells

Question 16

How do the islets of Langerhans work?

Answer 16

Antagonistically

Question 17

What is the second messenger model used by?

Answer 17

Non lipid-soluble hormones

Question 18

What does the second messenger model initiate?

Answer 18

Response inside of cells

Question 19

What happens in second messenger model?

Answer 19

Adenylate cyclase activated
Converts ATP to cyclic AMP
cAMP activates kinase enzyme
Glycogenolysis occurs

Question 20

Describe how insulin reduced the conc of glucose in the blood

Answer 20

Beta cells detect increased conc
Insulin secreted
Insulin binds to glycoproteins on cell surface membrane
Alters tertiary structure of glucose channel
Activates carrier proteins to open glucose channel
Increased permeability of muscle
Glucose is converted to glycogen (glycogenesis)
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS DECREASE

Question 21

Describe how glucagon increases conc of glucose in the blood

Answer 21

Alpha cells detect drop in glucose conc
Secrete glucagon
Only liver cells have glucagon receptors
Activates kinase enzyme = glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis
Glucose released
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS INCREASE

Question 22

How does insulin control rely on antagonistic + negative feedback mechanisms?

Answer 22

Corrective mechanism

Glucagon + glucose act oppositely

Question 23

What can diabetes be called?

Answer 23

Mellitus

Question 24

What happens with diabetes?

Answer 24

Cannot metabolise carbohydrates effectively

Question 25

What is Type 1?

Answer 25

Insulin dependant

Question 26

What is Type 2?

Answer 26

Insulin independent

Question 27

When does Type 1 happen?

Answer 27

Early onset

Question 28

When does Type 2 happen?

Answer 28

Often correlated with obesity

Question 29

How can Type 1 be treated?

Answer 29

Insulin injections | Regulated/monitored using biosensor

Question 30

How can Type 2 be treated?

Answer 30

Monitoring carbohydrate intake + exercise

Question 31

What happens in Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 31

Immune system attacks beta cells

Question 32

What happens in Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 32

Produce insulin but cells don't respond | Glycoproteins receptors lose responsiveness to insulin

Question 33

Does Type 1 produce insulin?

Answer 33

NO

Question 34

Why wouldn't you transplant the pancreas of someone with Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 34

As still produce insulin | But cells don't respond

Question 35

What are symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 35

``` High blood glucose levels Glucose in urine Thirst + hunger Urinate frequently Weight loss ```

Question 36

What do some people with diabetes gain blurred vision?

Answer 36

As shape of lens changes | Affects nerves = poor blood circulation

Question 37

Why do people with diabetes produce glucose in urine?

Answer 37

Glucose cannot be reabsorbed

Question 38

Why do people with diabetes get thirsty + hungry?

Answer 38

Decrease water potential = more H2O lost

Question 39

Why do people with diabetes urinate frequently?

Answer 39

Lack of glucose

Question 40

Why do people with diabetes get very tired?

Answer 40

Low respiratory rate

Question 41

Why do people with diabetes lose weight?

Answer 41

Less glucose = less energy for growth + repair = cells start to break down