Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology flashcards > Biological molecules!!! xox > Flashcards

Biological molecules!!! xox Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

name the monosaccharides

A

Glucose - alpha and beta
ribose + deoxyribose
fructose + galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

out of fructose and galactose which is more soluble?

A

fructose soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Ribose = 1 H group and 1 OH group
Deoxyribose = 2x H group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name all the disaccharides?

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name the monosaccharides that make up the disaccharides?

A

maltose = 2x alpha glucose
sucrose = fructose + glucose (alpha)
lactose = galactose + glucose (beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name all the polysaccharides?

A

amylose + amylopectin = starches
cellulose
glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

out of amylose and amylopectin, which is branched?

A

amylose = unbranched
amylopectin = highly branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what bonds does amylopectin have?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

role of cellulose in a plant?

A

prevent cells from bursting as very strong
main part of cell walls
high tensile strengths from hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is cellulose branched or unbranched?

A

unbranched chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what carbohydrate has to rotate 180 degrees, why?

A

cellulose
so hydroxyl groups are adjacent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what bond/s does cellulose have?

A

1-4 beta glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what bond/s does glycogen have and is it branched?

A

alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond
branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is glycogen stored in the liver rather than glucose?

A

broken down more rapidly to glucose
high metabolic rate
stored as small granules = small areas with large quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when a triglyceride is formed from a condensation reaction, how many water molecules are made?

A

3, as 3 fatty acid tails to be bonded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name the two types of lipids?

A

saturated
unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a saturated lipid?
whats the melting point?

A

fats like butter or lard
high melting point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

whats an unsaturated lipid?
melting point?

A

oil usually from plants like vegetable oil
low melting point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what bond does a saturated lipid, what does this do to the chain structure?

A

single bond
straight chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what bond does an unsaturated lipid have and what does this do to the chain structure?

A

double bond
forms a kink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

out of saturated and unsaturated lipid, which has a greater intermolecular force?

A

saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what causes saturated lipids to be closely packed ?

A

many hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name 4 functions of lipids?

A
  1. energy storage molecules
  2. insulation (under skin)
  3. storage site for some vitamins
  4. protection (around organs for cushioning)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is lipids a good energy storage molecule?

A

has more C-H bonds than carbohydrates so has a higher energy value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
water is a polar molecule, what does this do to the electrostatic bonds?
causes them to be weak
26
name the 6 properties of water? you don't need to explain them here
1. universal solvent 2. cohesive forces 3. thermal stability (latent heat of vaporisation) 4. high specific heat capacity 5. surface tension 6. density
27
why is water a universal solvent? what do the water molecules do to other solute molecules?
cluster around slightly charged parts of a molecule thats slightly charged this keeps the solute molecules apart which is the solute being dissolved
28
how does water being cohesive beneficial?
water molecules stick together bonding gives cohesive forces allowing water to be pulled through a tube like a xylem vessel
29
what is thermal stability and why is it beneficial as a property of water?
when water acts as a coolant because of vaporisation water also acts as a buffer in large bodies of water making aquatic environment stable
30
what water property does latex heat of vaporisation link too and what does this mean?
thermal stability hydrogen bonding between water molecules = requires a lot of energy to evaporate 1g of water
31
why is specific heat capacity of water a property and what does it means?
means = lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds to turn water into a gas
32
why is surface tension a property of water?
water molecules at surface of body of water pulled back into body of water the water surface acts as a skin , strong enough to support small organisms
33
what is less dense, water or ice?
ICE
34
why is ice less dense than water?
due to hydrogen bonding . water molecules form a lattice structure due to the hydrogen bonds , don't break as easily
35
how does water freeze if ice is less dense? why is this beneficial for habitat?
water freezes top down the ice acts as an insulating layer , delays freezing of the main body of water
36
what are examples of reducing sugars?
glucose, fructose, galactose
37
what makes a sugar reducing?
a sugar that can donate electrons (carboxyl group becomes oxidised - loses an hydrogen)
38
what makes a sugar non-reducing?
cannot donate electrons so cannot be oxidised
39
whats an example of a non-reducing sugar?
sucrose
40
why is Benedict's solution blue?
due to copper sulfate ions
41
when you have a positive reducing sugar test that turns a brick red colour, why does this happen? what happens with the ions etc?
cu2+ ions from copper sulfate in the benedicts test are reduced this is due to the reducing sugar (glucose) being oxidised so the electrons lost are given to the cu2+ ions this causes the cu2+ ion to now be cu+ which is called Copper oxide copper oxide is a red precipitate
42
describe the method for testing for a reducing sugar?
1. add benedicts solution / reagent to a sample solution in a test tube 2. heat the solution in the test tube in a water bath (hot water) 3. a positive test will show a brick red colour because of copper oxide
43
what colour will show if low - medium concentration of reducing sugar?
yellow / green / orange
44
what colour will the solution show during a reducing sugar test if there is no reducing sugar present?
remains blue :))
45
why is a reducing sugar test semi-conservative?
the colour of the result gives an approximate indication of how much reducing sugar is present
46
describe the method for testing for a reducing sugar?
1. add dilute hydrogen carbonate to sample in test tube 2. heat in a water bath that has been brought to the boil 3. neutralise the solution with sodium hydrocarbonate 4. use an indicator like litmus paper to determine whether the solution has been neutralised 5. add more hydrogencarbonate as solution needs to be slightly alkaline for the benedicts solution to work 6. carry out benedicts test as normal 7. add benedicts to sample 8. heat in water bath 9. observe colour change
47
a non-reducing sugar doesn't react with the benedicts solution, why?
don’t have a free aldehyde or ketone group
48
when using the litmus paper to determine if the non-reducing sugar solution is alkaline, what colour should it turn?
blue
49
when testing for a non-reducing sugar why is hydrochloric acid needed to be added to the solution before the benedicts test?
to break the sucrose = a disaccharide down in the monosaccharide the HCL hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds (breaks them)
50
during a non-reducing test why does the sucrose eg need to be broken down in two monosaccharides?
the monosaccharides will then donate electrons, allowing a precipitate to form
51
“If glucose and fructose are reducing sugars, why does a positive Benedict’s test mean non-reducing sugar?” why would it present a non-reducing sugar?
Because you're not testing for the glucose and fructose that were already there from breaking down sucrose (non-reducing sugar) — you're showing that they only appeared after you hydrolysed something, and that "something" must have been a non-reducing sugar.
52
Describe how you would test for a non-reducing sugar and explain the result. (3 marks)
Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample and heat in a boiling water bath to hydrolyse any non-reducing sugars. Neutralise the solution with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then add Benedict’s reagent and heat again. A brick-red precipitate indicates a non-reducing sugar was present, as it was hydrolysed into reducing sugars which reduce the copper(II) ions.
53
what bond joins amino acids together?
peptide
54
what reaction joins amino acids together?
condensation reaction
55
what do a chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds form?
polypeptide
56
draw the structure of an amino acid
H-N-C(above R) - C (up double bond of O) (below OH group) below middle c = H
57
name the four different structures of a protein?
primary secondary tertiary quaternary
58
what is a primary structure?
sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
59
whats the secondary structure?
beta pleated sheets alpha helix hydrogen bonds included
60
whats the tertiary structure?
three dimensional folding of secondary structure
61
during tertiary structure what bridges are added for extra support?
disulphide bridges as hydrogen bonds not strong enough
62
what structures of protein include hydrogen and ionic bonds?
tertiary and quaternary
63
whats the quaternary structure?
three dimensional arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide
64
name the three groups of proteins?
globular conjugated fibrous
65
whats the function of a globular protein?
chemical function
66
structure of globular protein?
compact , round shape chain folded so hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic outside making then soluble
67
are globular proteins soluble ?
yes
68
what are examples of globular proteins?
enzymes hormones insulin
69
role of fibrous proteins?
structural role provide strengths and elasticity
70
structure of fibrous protein?
little/no tertiary structure composed of one narrow strands long parallel polypeptide chains
71
are fibrous proteins soluble?
no - insoluble
72
examples of fibrous proteins?
collagen and keratin
73
what can cause denaturation of a protein?
temperature and ph
74
whats a conjugated protein?
when some proteins join or conjugate with another molecule called a prosthetic group
75
whats an example of a conjugated protein and why is it a conjugated protein?
glycoproteins proteins with a carbohydrate group
76
how does a prosthetic group bind to protein in conjugated protein?
through covalent bond

Biology flashcards (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions