Respiration

Question 1

in what part of the mitochondria does glycolysis take place?

Answer 1

cell cytoplasm

Question 2

where does link reaction and Krebs cycle take place in mitochondria?

Answer 2

matrix of mitochondria

Question 3

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place in the mitochondria?

Answer 3

inner membrane

Question 4

what are the end products of the glycolysis state in aerobic respiration?

Answer 4

2x pyruvate 3c molecules
2x ATP molecule
2X NADH

Question 5

name the steps in glycolysis ?

Answer 5

glucose
hexose bisphosphate
glycerate 3 phosphate
pyruvate

Question 6

during glycolysis how does glucose form hexose bisphosphate?

Answer 6

phosphorylated by 2ATP
2ATP -> 2ADP

Question 7

how does pyruvate move across the double membrane of the mitochondria to enter the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 7

via active transport

Question 8

how is pyruvate converted into acetate in the link reaction?

Answer 8

through being oxidised by enzymes and CO2

Question 9

what are the products of the link reaction?

Answer 9

acetyl coA
carbon dioxide
NADH

Question 10

how is acetyl coA used to help 4C oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 10

contains 2carbons and enters into the Krebs cycle and 4c oxaloacetate accepts the two carbons to form 6c citrate

Question 11

what does a dehydrogenation reaction produce?

Answer 11

molecule of reduced NAD (NADH)

Question 12

what is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 12

when one molecule of ATP is produced from ADP and phosphate

Question 13

define decarboxylation?

Answer 13

losing CO2

Question 14

how do you get regeneration of oxaloacetate?

Answer 14

through the steps within the orbs cycle between citrate -> oxaloacetate

Question 15

during aerobic respiration, when FAD and NAD are reduced, where do they take the hydrogen atoms?

Answer 15

take them to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 16

where does the ETC live in the mitochondria?

Answer 16

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 17

how many molecules of reduced NAD and FAD are produced after the Krebs cycle?

Answer 17

6 NADH
2 FADH

Question 18

define oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 18

when ATP is generated, in the presence of oxygen, by chemiosmosis.

Question 19

during the electron transport chain what does the first electron carrier oxidise?

Answer 19

NADH -> NAD
producing molecule of H+

Question 20

during the electron transport chain what does the second electron carrier oxidise?

Answer 20

FADH -> FAD
producing molecule of H+

Question 21

what is the last electron carrier called?

Answer 21

cytochrome oxidase

Question 22

what do electrons release?

Answer 22

energy why there’s an influx of hydrogen ions down the ETC

Question 23

describe oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 23

the electrons are accepted by oxygen molecules and hydrogens from the matrix which react to form water molecules

Question 24

what is the protein channel called that produces ATP?

Answer 24

ATP synthase

Question 25

what process do hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase?

Answer 25

via facilitated diffusion

Question 26

where does the electron transport chain take place in the mitochondria?

Answer 26

Intermembrane space

Question 27

during anaerobic respiration, what affect does lactate have on the ph of the blood?

Answer 27

lowers the ph of the blood

Question 28

during strenuous exercise, lactate produces from anaerobic respiration, lowering the blood ph, what affects does this have on the body?

Answer 28

1. reduces and stops muscle contraction 2. reduces nervous stimulation from the CNS

Question 29

why is an oxygen debt required for anaerobic respiration after strenuous exercise?

Answer 29

to oxidise lactate to be broken down back into pyruvate

Question 30

during anaerobic respiration, What organisms create CO2 and ethanol?

Answer 30

plants yeast

Question 31

where in the body is lactate broken down?

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

What type of respiration yields the most ATP?

Answer 32

aerobic

Question 33

What name is given to anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Answer 33

fermentation

Question 34

Where in a cell does anaerobic respiration occur?

Answer 34

cytoplasm

Question 35

How does anaerobic respiration affect the muscles?

Answer 35

Reduces and eventually stops them contracting due to reduced nervous stimulation from CNS

Question 36

Name the enzyme that removes CO2 from pyruvate in plants.

Answer 36

pyruvate decarboxylase

Question 37

out of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, which has the highest energy value?

Answer 37

lipids

Question 38

Name the polysaccharides that glucose is converted to for storage in animal cells in the liver and in plant cells (2 marks)

Answer 38

Glucose is converted to glycogen for storage in animal cells (e.g. liver cells) and glucose is converted to starch for storage in plant cells

Question 39

why cannot glucose be stored in animal or plant cells ? - not to do with size

Answer 39

due to solubility resulting in osmotic problems

Question 40

why do fatty acids have a high mean energy value?

Answer 40

. contain high number of hydrogen atoms . results in greater availability of protons to form chemiosmotic gradient . inc flow of protons through ATP synthase leads to higher yield of ATP

Question 41

how is a keto acid produced?

Answer 41

through the deamination of ammonia in the ornithine cycle

Question 42

role of keto acid in respiration

Answer 42

enter respiratory pathway as either pyruvate acetyl coA or in the Krebs cycle

Question 43

out of lipids, carbs and proteins, which has the lowest energy value?

Answer 43

carbohydrates

Question 44

What is a respiratory substrate?

Answer 44

A molecule used to generate ATP in respiration

Question 45

what is the RQ value of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids?

Answer 45

glucose = 1.0 fatty acids = 0.7 amino acids = 0.9

Question 46

During anaerobic respiration, is NAD regenerated in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 46

no because there's no oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation to occur