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Biological Processes In The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is called digestion of food?

A

The process of conversion of complex organic compounds to simple organic compounds to be absorbed to the body

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2
Q

What are the two methods of food digestion?

A

Mechanical - Physical nature of food is altered ( breaking down of food into small pieces by teeth inside the mouth)

Chemical - Due to the action of enzymes complex compounds are broken into simple molecules
( starch 》 salivary amylase 》 maltose)

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3
Q

What is the pathway of food in the digestive system?

A

Mouth. Buccal Cavity. Pharynx. Oesophagus. Stomach. Pancreas. Small intestine. Large intestine. Rectum. Anus.

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4
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system according to the order of placement from top to bottom?
L

A

Buccal cavity.
Salivary glands.
Epiglotis.
Oesophagus.
Stomach.
Pancreas.
Small intestine.
Large intestine.
Caecum.
Appendix.
Rectum.
Anus.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Food digestion
  2. Absorption of digested end product
  3. Removal of undigested material
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6
Q

By what jaws the buccal cavity is made of?

A

Upper jaws

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7
Q

What is the only movable jaw in the buccal cavity?

A

Lower jaw

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8
Q

How many salivary glands are present in the buccal cavity?

A

3 pairs

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9
Q

Where is the tongue attached and what are the functions of it?

A

Tongue is attached to the floor of the buccal cavity.
Functions:
1. Identification of taste
2. Mixing the food with saliva and swallowing

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10
Q

What is the enzyme present in the saliva and what does it do?

A

Amylase. Turning starch to maltose

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11
Q

What is the common area for both the digestive and the respiratory systems?

A

Pharynx

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12
Q

What is the epiglottis and what is its function?

A

Epiglottis is a movable organ found in the opening of the trachea that helps to prevent food entering the respiratory system

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13
Q

What is the term to call the initially digested food in the buccal cavity?

A

Bolus

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14
Q

What is the organ in the digestive system that digestion does not occur?

A

Oesophagus

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15
Q

What is the term used to call the movement found in oesophagus when bolus is moving?

A

Peristalsis movemet

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16
Q

To what form does the bolus turn into inside the stomach

A

Chyme

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17
Q

What is the secretion of the stomach called and what are the components in it?

A

HCL
Pepsine enzyme ( to digest proteins )

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18
Q

What are the components in the chyme?

A

Partially digested protein.
Digested and undigested carbohydrates.
Undigested lipids.
Water.
Minerals and vitamins.

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19
Q

Are digested end products absorbed by the stomach? And what are the components absorbed by the stomach?

A

No. Water, glucose, some drugs

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20
Q

What type of digestion occur in the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion

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21
Q

What are the basic parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum. Jejunum. Ilenum

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22
Q

What organs open to the duodenum?

A

Duct of pancreas and gall bladder

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23
Q

Where is the bile produced and stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Then the bile is transferred through the bile duct and added to the duodenum.

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24
Q

What is the function of the bile?

A

Emulsification of lipids ( lipids in food are broken into small droplets )

Emulsification is the process of combining two immisible liquids.

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25
What is the reason that the enzymes secreted to digest proteins inside the stomach and intestine, do not digest the wall and the digestive tract?
Presence of a mucus layer
26
What are the 3 end products of digestion?
Carbohydrates 》glucose, fructose, galactose Proteins 》 amino acids Lipids 》 fatty acids and glycerol
27
What is the main function of the small intestine?
Absorption of digested end products
28
What are the adaptations of the small intestine to increase the efficiency of absorption?
Being a long tube. Presence of circular folds in the inner walls. Presence of finger like projections called villi. Presence of micro villi in the epithelial cells of villi. Villi are highly vascularized
29
What does bile contain?
Bile pigments Bicarbonate ions Water Bile salts
30
What are the components absorbed by the blood capillaries of the villi in the small intestine?
Amino acids, Vitamins, Mineral salts, Monosaccherides.
31
How long is the large intestine? And form where does it start and where does it end?
Large intestine is 1.5m long. It starts form the caecum and ends at the rectum
32
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Absorbing the water form the matter received from the ilenum, therefore making it semi solid.
33
What is the reason for the yellow color in the faecal matter?
Due to the presence of bile pigments.
34
What are present in the faecal matter?
Mucus. Microorganisms. Epithelial cells. Undigested food.
35
What are the 3 stages of respiration in the human body?
1. Exchange of gases between the external environment and the lungs. 2. Exchange of gases in the alveoli. 3. Cellular respiration.
36
What occurs during the exchange of gases form the external environment and the lungs 🫁?
Intake of gaseous oxygen into lungs and removal of gaseous waste in cells.
37
What is called the respiratory system?
The system involved in entering O2 into the lungs and release of gaseous waste produced during biological processes is the respiratory system.
38
What are the main parts of the respiratory system?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, brochi, bronchiles and alveoli
39
What are the changes that takes place when inhaled air passed through the nasal cavity?
* moistening/humiditifying the the inhaled air * warming up the inhales air to the body temperature * removal of foriegn matter from the inhaled air.
40
where are the lungs located?
the thoratic cavity
41
what is the final place where the inhaled air is entered?
alveoli
42
how does the gas exchange occurs in the alveoli?
the air entering into the alveoli has a higher O2 concentration than that of the blood capillaries around it. Therefore the O2 diffuses into the blood capillaries. Similarly the CO2 and water vapor concentration in the blood vessels compared to air inside the alveoli is higher, therefore CO2 and water vapor diffuse into the exhaled air.
43
what called the respiratory surface?
the surface where the gas exchange occurs between the external environment and the blood
44
what is the respiratory surface of the humans?
wall of the alveoli
45
how does the gas exchange occur?
by diffusion
46
what are the characteristics of the respiratory surface?
* surface is moistened and permeable for gas exchange * surface shouold be thin for diffusion of gases * a larger surface is required to exhange large volume of gas according to the needs of the animals. * surface should be highly vascularized
47
what acts as the respiratory surface of the other animals?
the body cover
48
what are the adaptations of the alveoli for gas exchange?
* thin alveolar wall * moist alveolar wall * presence of a blood capillary network around alveoli * presence of large number of alveolar sacs
49
what is called cellular respiration?
the process by which simple food is oxidated to produce energy for the biological activities within the living cells
50
what is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 >>>> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
51
what are called aerobic and anerobic respiration?
* aerobic respiration is the respiration that occurs by using oxygen. * anerobic respiration is done without using oxygen.
52
what is the kind of anerobic respiration that occurs in plants and yeast?
alcohol fermentation Glucose >>> CO2 + Ethyl alcohol + Energy
53
what is the anerobic respiration that occurs in the animal cells are called?
lactic acid fermentation Glucose >>> Lactic acid + Energy
54
what is the energy output of aerobic respiration compared to the anerobic respiration and why?
the energy output of aerobic respiration is higher than that of the anerobic respiration due to incomplete breakdown of glucose in the anerobic respiration.
55
what happens when energy is produced within the cells?
part of the energy produced is wasted as heat and the remaining part is stored as ATP ( Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)
56
what are the fucntions of ATP?
1. Storage of energy 2. Release of energy 3. Act as an energy carrier
57
what are the diseases associated with the respiratory system?
1. Common cold 2. Pneumonia 3. Asthma 4. Bronchitis or bronchiolar inflammation 5. Tuberculosis
58
what is called metabolism? Give 2 examples.
summation of biochemical reactions that take place in the living cells * *production of CO2 and water and energy during cellular respiration* * *Production of urea, uric acid in protien catabolism*
59
What is called excretion?
Process of removal of excretory materials produced during metabolism from the body.
60
Why faecal matter is not considered as an excretory substance?
* faeces is the undigested materials of the digestion process. * Digestion takes place in the digestive system. * Digestion of food is not a biochemical reaction takes place in the cells. * But the bile pigments that is released with faeces is an excretory substance.
61
what is the main organ that carries out nitrogenous excretion?
The kidneys
62
What are the main parts of the kidneys?
* Pair of kidneys * Pair of ureters * Urinary bladder * Urethra
63
What is called urine?
When waste materials in blood enters through the renal artery to the kidneys are filtered inside the kidneys, the filtrate is called the urine.

Biology (6 decks)

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