Chapter 01 - Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What are the most common elements in the living body?
A
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)
2
Q
What is the percentage of Oxygen in the human body?
A
65%
3
Q
What is the percentage of Carbon inside the human body?
A
18%
4
Q
What is the percentage of Hydrogen inside the human body?
A
10%
5
Q
What is the percentage of Nitrogen inside the human body?
A
3%
6
Q
What is the percentage of other elements inside the human body?
A
4%
7
Q
How can the chemical compounds of a living body be divided?
A
Organic Compounds, Inorganic Compounds
8
Q
What are known as organic compounds?
A
Compounds containing carbon
9
Q
What are known as inorganic compounds?
A
Compounds that do not contain carbon
10
Q
What are the exceptions?
A
(Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Carbonates and Bicarbonates are the inorganic compounds which contain carbon)
11
Q
What are called bio molecules?
A
The organic molecules that build up our bodies.
12
Q
What are the 4 Main bio molecules?
A
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
13
Q
What are the inorganic molecules that are essential for the maintenance of life?
A
Water, Minerals, Gases
14
Q
What is the most abundant organic compound on earth?
A
Carbohydrates
15
Q
How are Carbohydrates produced?
A
By Photosynthesis
16
Q
What is the elemental composition of Carbohydrates?
A
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
17
Q
What is the ratio at which the hydrogen and the oxygen combine?
A
2 : 1
18
Q
What is the chemical formula for Carbohydrates?
A
Cx(H2O)y
19
Q
What are the 3 main types of Carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
20
Q
What are the 3 types of monosaccharides?
A
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
21
Q
What are the 3 types of disaccharides?
A
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
22
Q
What are the 3 types of polysaccharides?
A
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
23
Q
What is the structural unit of Carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides
24
Q
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
A
C6H12O6
25
What is the general formula for disaccharides?
C12H22O11
26
What is the general formula for polysaccharides?
(C6H10O5)n
27
What are the features of Monosaccharides?
Sweet, soluble in water and crystalline.
28
What are the features of Disaccharides?
Sweet, soluble in water and crystalline.
29
What is the end product of hydrolysis of all starchy food?
Glucose
30
What is called as 'Fruit Sugar'?
Fructose
31
What is the end product of hydrolysis of lactose?
Galactose
32
What is the only monosaccharide with no sweet taste?
Galactose
33
What is the special thing that happens when a disaccharide is formed?
A water molecule is released.
34
How can a monosaccharide be obtained from a disaccharide?
By hydrolyzing Disaccharides
35
Where can maltose be seen?
Germinating seeds
36
What is the end product of starch hydrolysis?
Maltose
37
Where can sucrose be seen?
White/Brown sugar, Sugar cane and beet, Some fruits, Phloem sap in trees
38
Where can lactose be seen?
In dairy products
39
What is the only sugar that is absent in plants?
Lactose
40
What is the percentage of Lactose in cow's milk according to the composition?
4% - 6%
41
What is the percentage of Lactose in human milk according to the composition?
6% - 7%
42
How are polysaccharides formed?
Polymerisation of a large number of monosaccharides
43
What are the features of Polysaccharides?
Not water soluble, not crystalline
44
What is the structural unit of Polysaccharides?
Glucose
45
How can the properties of a polysaccharide differ from one another?
According to the number of Glucose molecules and how they are bound with each other
46
What is the polysaccharide that is not digested in the human body?
Cellulose
47
What is the type of carbohydrate that is stored in plants?
Starch
48
What is the type of carbohydrate that is stored in the animal body?
Glycogen
49
What are the places where Glycogen is stored?
Animal Liver, Muscles
50
What are the significance of carbohydrates?
As an energy Source, As a storage compound, As a structural component in plant cell wall, As a constituent of Nucleic acid
51
What are the 3 tests to identify carbohydrates?
Starch test, Test for Glucose, Test for Sucrose
52
What are the important steps in the Starch Test and what is the observation?
Small amount of food is obtained and ground well with water. A drop of Iodine solution is added to the above solution. Purplish blue colour appears.
53
What are the important steps in the Glucose Test and what is the observation?
A solution of Glucose is obtained into a test tube. Few drops of Benedict solution to the above solution is added. The above solution is immersed in a water bath and heated. Can observe colour changes as below: Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Brick Red Precipitate.
54
What are the important steps in the Sucrose Test and what is the observation?
A sucrose solution is obtained into a test tube. Few drops of Benedict solution is added to it. The test tube is immersed in a water bath and heated. No colour change.
55
What are the important steps in the next Sucrose test and what is the observation?
Few drops of diluted Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is added to a freshly prepared sugar solution and heated. Next few drops of Benedict solution is added to it. Can observe colour changes as below: Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Brick Red Precipitate.
56
What are the elements that proteins are made of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)
57
What is the non-significant element making proteins?
Sulphur (S)
58
What is the percentage of Proteins in the human body?
17%
59
What is a protein?
Protein is a complex molecule made up of polymerized amino acid molecules.
60
What are the significance of Proteins?
As an energy source, To make structural components, As enzymes, As hormones, As antibodies.
61
What is an important compound in making the cell membrane?
Proteins
62
What is the protein contained in hair and feathers?
Keratin
63
What is the test to identify Proteins?
Biuret test
64
What are the important steps in the biuret test and what are the observations?
A solution made by grinding dhal or an egg white is obtained into a test tube. An extra amount of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then few drops of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) is added into it. Solution turns to purple colour.
65
What are called enzymes?
The special proteins (organic catalysts) that are produced within the organism to increase the rate of bio-chemical reactions.
66
What are components belonging to Lipids?
Fats and Oils
67
What are the elements contained in Lipids?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
68
What is the difference between Carbohydrates and Lipids?
Lipids contain much less oxygen than a carbohydrate.
69
What type of solvent is a lipid?
Non-polar
70
How are lipids formed?
Fatty acids + Glycerol >>> Lipids + Water
71
What are the significance of lipids?
As an energy source, To form different structural components, For conservation of water, To maintain body temperature, To protect internal body organs, To synthesize some hormones.
72
What are phospholipids made of?
Lipids
73
What are cholesterol made of?
Lipids
74
What is the lipid present on the surface of the plant body that conserves water?
The wax known as cutin
75
What do warm-blooded animals have to maintain their body temperature?
A hypodermal fat layer
76
What are examples of hormones in vertebrates that are lipid compounds?
Oestrogen, Testosterone, Cortisone
77
What is the test to identify lipids?
Sudan III test
78
What are the elements contained in Nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous (CHONP)
79
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
80
What is the structural unit of DNA?
Deoxyribonucleotide
81
What is the function of DNA?
Store and transmit genetic information
82
What is the structural unit of RNA?
Ribonucleotide
83
What is the function of RNA?
Protein synthesis
84
What is the inorganic compound which takes up the highest proportion of the body mass of a living being?
Water
85
What is the amount of water contained in the human body as a fraction?
2/3
86
What are the specific properties of water?
A good solvent, A good coolant, High cohesive and adhesive force, Differential expansion in freezing
87
What is the importance of water as a good solvent?
Providing a medium for biochemical reaction in the cells, The main constituent in the extra-cellular fluids of organisms, Facilitates the removal of excretory material and faecal matter of animals, Important in respiration of aquatic organisms.
88
What is the importance of water as a good coolant?
Due to high specific heat capacity (Amount of heat needed to increase temperature by 10 C in 1kg of mass) the body temperature does not fluctuate quickly with changes in the environment.
89
What is the importance of water by having High cohesive and adhesive force?
Being the main constituent of blood, it helps to transport nutrients, vitamins and hormones to relevant locations. Transports water to the upper parts of the plant due to high cohesive force of water molecules.
90
What is the importance of water by having Differential expansion in freezing?
Density of water is higher than density of ice. When ice is formed they come to top layers of water keeping water as it is in the bottom. This provides living environment for aquatic organisms.
91
What are the 2 types of minerals?
Macro and trace
92
What is the percentage of minerals according to the body weight?
7%
93
What are the most significant minerals in a living being?
Calcium and Phosphorus
94
What is the function of Potassium in the human body?
For the activity of heart and muscles, Transmission of nerve impulses.
95
What are the deficiency symptoms of potassium in the human body?
Weakening of muscles, Psychological disorders
96
What is the function of Sodium in the human body?
Transmission of nerve impulses.
97
What is the deficiency symptom of sodium in the human body?
Cramps
98
What is the function of Magnesium in the human body?
Constituent in bones and teeth, Help in metabolic activities.
99
What is the deficiency symptom of magnesium in the human body?
High heart beat
100
What is the function of calcium in the human body?
Growth of bones and teeth, Blood clotting, Absorption of Vitamin B.
101
What is the deficiency symptom of calcium in the human body?
Osteoporosis
102
What is the function of phosphorus in the human body?
Growth of bones and teeth.
103
What is the deficiency symptom of phosphorus in the human body?
Weakening of bones and become fragile
104
What is the function of iron in the human body?
Synthesis of haemoglobin
105
What is the deficiency symptom of iron in the human body?
Anaemia, Sleepiness, Hypoactive nature
106
What is the function of iodine in the human body?
Synthesis of Thyroxin hormone
107
What is the deficiency symptom of iodine in the human body?
Affects development of intelligence, Lethargic attitude towards studies, Limits body height
108
What are the two types of vitamins?
Water soluble, Insoluble
109
What are the vitamins that are water soluble?
B and C
110
What are the non-soluble vitamins in water?
A, D, E, and K
111
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A?
Night blindness, Bitot's Patches in the eye, Dryness in the skin
112
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B?
Beri Beri, Anaemia
113
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C?
Weakening of gum, Scurvy
114
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D?
Rickets, Osteomalacia
115
What is the function of vitamin D in the human body?
Controls the absorption of calcium and phosphorus
116
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E?
Weakening of cell division and reproduction
117
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin K?
Delays blood clotting
