Chapter 02 - Structure and Functions of the plant and animal cell

Question 1

Who observed a section of a cork using a microscope?

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

Who introduced the cell theory?

Answer 2

Scheleiden, Schwann, Radolf Virchow

Question 3

What are the contents of the cell theory?

Answer 3

The structural and the functional unit of life is the cell.
All organisms are made up from one or more cells.
New cells are formed from exciting cells.

Question 4

What type of cells are used to transport oxygen?

Answer 4

red blood cells

Question 5

What are the small structures present within the cell to perform different functions called?

Answer 5

Organelles

Organelles have specific roles within the cell.

Question 6

What determines the types and number of organelles in a cell?

Answer 6

The function performed by the cell

Different cells perform different functions leading to variations in organelle types.

Question 7

What is a cell that includes all organelles known as?

Answer 7

Typical cell

A typical cell is a theoretical model as it does not exist in living organisms.

Question 8

Do typical cells exist in the living world?

Answer 8

No

While typical cells are a model, actual living cells have varying organelle counts.

Question 9

Can cells with some organelles of the typical cell be found in living organisms?

Answer 9

Yes

Living cells may possess a subset of organelles characteristic of a typical cell.

Question 10

What covers all animal cells?

Answer 10

A plasma membrane or cell membrane

The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and selectively permeable.

Question 11

What type of membrane is the plasma membrane?

Answer 11

Semi-permeable and selectively permeable

This allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Question 12

What is located at the center of an animal cell?

Answer 12

A centralized nucleus

The nucleus contains genetic material and regulates cellular activities.

Question 13

What is the cytoplasm in an animal cell?

Answer 13

A gelatinous material

It provides a medium for chemical reactions and supports organelles.

Question 14

What is the outer covering of a plant cell?

Answer 14

The cell wall

The cell wall is primarily made up of cellulose.

Question 15

What is located inner to the cell wall in a plant cell?

Answer 15

The plasma membrane

The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Question 16

What is found at the center of a plant cell?

Answer 16

A large vacuole

Vacuoles in plant cells store nutrients and waste products.

Question 17

Are vacuoles generally present in animal cells?

Answer 17

No

Animal cells typically do not have large vacuoles like plant cells.

Question 18

What do both plant and animal cells possess?

Answer 18

Different organelles that perform different functions

Organelles include mitochondria, ribosomes, and others.

Question 19

What type of microscope is needed to observe most organelles?

Answer 19

An electron microscope

Light microscopes cannot resolve the details of many organelles.

Question 20

What is the main difference between plant and animal cells in terms of structure?

Answer 20

Plant cells have a cell wall and large vacuoles, while animal cells do not

This structural difference affects their functions and properties.

Question 21

What is the outermost covering of a plant cell?

Answer 21

Cell wall

Question 22

What is the main constituent in the cell wall?

Answer 22

Cellulose

Question 23

What are the functions of the cell wall?

Answer 23

maintain the shape of the cell, support and protection of
the cell

Question 24

What is another name for plasma membrane?

Answer 24

Cell membrane

Question 25

What is the cell membrane made of?

Answer 25

Phospholipids and proteins

Question 26

What are the main functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 26

enclose the cell, allow entry of water, ions, some molecules and thereby control the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell

Question 27

What is called the cytoplasm?

Answer 27

The gelatinous liquid part of the cell excluding organelles

Question 28

What type of substances are present in the cytoplasm?

Answer 28

Inorganic and organic substances

Question 29

What are the functions of the cytoplasm?

Answer 29

maintain a shape to the cell, bear cell organelles and carryout different metabolic processes

Question 30

What are called organelles?

Answer 30

The structures submerged in the cytoplasm are named as organelles.

Question 31

What are the organelles that are covered by a cell membrane?

Answer 31

mitochondrion, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex

Question 32

What is the main organelle in a cell?

Answer 32

Nucleus

Question 33

What is surrounding the nuclieus?

Answer 33

Nuclear envelope

Question 34

What are the structures present in the nucleus?

Answer 34

Nucleolus, chromatin body

Question 35

What happens during cell division?

Answer 35

the chromatin body converts into chromosome.

Question 36

What are the functions of chromosomes?

Answer 36

storage of genetic material and transfer inherited characters from generation to generation

Question 37

How many chromosomes are there in a human?

Answer 37

46

Question 38

In which organelle Aerobic respiratory reactions take place?

Answer 38

Mitochondrion ## Footnote this is also known as the powerhouse of the cell

Question 39

What are the fucntions of the golgi complex?

Answer 39

production of secretory substances, packaging and secretion

Question 40

Where can ribosomes be found?

Answer 40

They can be found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Question 41

What are the functions of the ribosomes?

Answer 41

providing place for the protein synthesis

Question 42

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 42

transportation of proteins within the cell

Question 43

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 43

Synthesis of Lipids, steroids and to transport them within the cell

Question 44

What is called the vacuole?

Answer 44

a fluid filled large organelle found in plant cells which is surrounded by a membrane

Question 45

What are the two parts of the vacuole?

Answer 45

Tonoplast, cell sap ## Footnote tonoplast is the structure surrounding the vacuole and the cell sap is inside the tonoplast

Question 46

What are the substances stored inside the vacoule?

Answer 46

Water, sugar, ions, pigments

Question 47

What are the functions of the vacuole?

Answer 47

Maintenance of water balance, support and provision of colour to the cell by the pigments within it

Question 48

What is called growth?

Answer 48

irreversible increase of size or dry mass ## Footnote Beyond that level the cell will not grow, instead it divides

Question 49

What is called cell division?

Answer 49

the process by which new cells are formed by the division of cellular materials ## Footnote To complete the cell division of an eukaryotic cell, first the nucleus should divide and then the cytoplasm.

Question 50

What is called a somatic cell?

Answer 50

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 51

What are the two types of cell division?

Answer 51

mitosis, meiosis ## Footnote Mitosis is the type of division which multiplies the number of cells by maintaining a constant number of chromosomes in the cells. Meiosis is the cell division that makes the number of chromosomes into half as the parent cell

Question 52

What is the importance of mitosis?

Answer 52

For the growth of multicellular organisms. As an asexual reproduction method. Wound healing and cell replacement

Question 53

What is the importnace of meiosis?

Answer 53

Maintenance of the constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation. Help in evolution due to variations occur in chromosomes.