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Biology 10 quiz Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

what are the five characteristics of living things

A

reproduce, produce waste, grow, need energy, responds and adapts to their environment, made up of cells,

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2
Q

what was aristotles technology, technique, and achievement

A

he did not do any experimentation and he acheived spontaneous generation

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3
Q

who created spontaneous generation

A

aristotle

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4
Q

what is spontaneous generation?

A

organisms appear from non-living things

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5
Q

what were Francisco Redis’s technology, technique, and achievements?

A

he manipulated access to flies to test spontaneous generation and he showed maggots come from flies not from meat

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6
Q

what were Louis pasteur technology, techniques, and achievements?

A

he used flasks with swan-shaped necks to manipulate the access of dust to broth, he achieved biogenesis

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7
Q

who achieved and came up with biogenesis?

A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

What were Robert Hookes’s technology or techniques,and achievements

A

he used a three-lens microscope to look at a cork and he discovered and achieved that magnification was great enough to see individual “cells”

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9
Q

What did Antoni can Leeuwenhoek achieve?

A

he was able to see moving micro-organisms

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10
Q

what were Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s technology or technique?

A

he used a single lens system similar to a magnify glass

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11
Q

what did M.J. Schleiden, T.S. Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow achieve?

A

the development of the cell theory

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12
Q

how dod Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow develop the cell theory? what was their technology or tenchique

A

Microscope studyies of plant tissues(Schleiden), animal tissues(Schwann), and diseased tissues(Virchow)

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13
Q

what are the three components of cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. cells are the smallest unit of life
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
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14
Q

what are the processes of a cell

A

-nutrient intake
- movement
- growth
- response to stimuli
- gas exchange
- waste removal
- reproduction

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15
Q

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A

plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic, and bacteria and archea are prokaryotic

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16
Q

Parts of an animal cell

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria

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17
Q

parts of a plant cell

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

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18
Q

what is the cell membrane:

A

flexible boundary that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, important for cell communication

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19
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

jelly like material found throughout the cell in whicj organelles are suspended, it contains water and nutrients

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20
Q

what is the nucleus

A

controls all cellular activities, where DNA is stored

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21
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

a series of interconnected tubes that branch from the nucleus, there are two types; smooth ER and rough ER

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22
Q

what does the smooth ER do

A

makes lipids(fat) for delivery out of the cellq

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23
Q

what does the rough ER do

A

makes proteins for delivery out of the cell, embedded with ribosomes which help create the proteins

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24
Q

what are ribosomes

A

may be embedded in the rough ER or in the cytoplasm, translates mRNA from nucleus into sequences of smino acids(proteins)

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25
what is the golgi apparatus
flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion, receives substances from the ER and packages them for transport out of the cell
26
what are lysosomes
digest and break down wate and other fereign particleswhat
27
is the mitochondria
the powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration takes place; provides ATP(energy) for use by the cell
28
what is cellular respiration
enerfy from glucose is broken down into ATP
29
what is the cell wall
plant cells only, rigid outer portion of the cell, provides shape and support
30
what are chloroplasts
plant cells only, where photosynthesis takes place, contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which helps absorb light from the sun
31
what are vacuoles
store water and other substances, animals have vesicles that are smaller and store more nutrients wastes and fats
32
cell membranes:
they are around each organelle and the whole cell, all materials entering or exiting cell must cross the membrane
33
cell functions of the cell membrane
protective barrier, selective filter, compartmentalization, communication
34
cell protective barrier:
prevents bacteria, viruses, slats, ions and other unwanted items from entering the cell
35
cell selective filter:
- allows transport- of nutrients, and waste out of the cell - semi-permeable - only lets some things pass through
36
cell compartmentalization:
keeps things contained- digestive enzymes inside lysosomes
37
cell communication:
recognize substances and interact with each other
38
structure of a cell:
changes according to each cell's needs is fluid and flexible
39
What is the fluid mosaic model?
- describes the structure of the cell membrane Mosaic - composed of many different things Fluid - moves and flows (ability to change shape) - each part plays a role in allowing the movement of nutrients, gases and waste in and out of the cell
40
components of the fluid mosaic model
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
41
what does the phospholipid bilayer do in the fluid mosaic model?
- a double layer of phospholipids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are embedded between these layers - phospholipids arrange themselves into layers
42
what are hydrophilic lipids?
the heads of phospholipids are called hydrophilic which means they are water-loving and dissolve easily in water
43
what are hydrophobic lipids?
the tails of phospholipids are called hydrophobic meaning they are water-fearing and are repelled by water molecules
44
proteins in the fluid mosaic model
- found floating within the membrane - passageways in or out of the cell - help transport certain substances through the membrane
45
cholesterol in the fluid mosaic model
- helps maintain fluidity
46
carbohydrates in the fluid mosaic model
- attached to the membrane's outer surface - involved in cell-to-cell communication
47
membrane transport:
membranes control movement across cells based on size, shape and electric charge
48
Whats Brownian motion
all matter is made up of atoms, in liquid and air, atoms are in constant random motion which is called Brownian motion.
49
what is concentration
- describes the "strength" of a solution - a high concentration has a lot of solute and a little solvent
50
What is a solvent vs. a solute?
solute: thing being dissolved ex: tea, salt solvent: the thing the solute is being dissolved in
51
whats the concentration gradient?
- the difference in concentration between two areas - molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration - moving DOWN a concentration gradient
52
What is equilibrium
- occurs when molecules are evenly distributed - molecules don't stop moving after reaching equilibrium
53
what is passive transport?
movement across membrane down the concentration gradient. - - no energy
54
what are the three types of passive transport?
osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion
55
what is diffusion
particles move from a high concentration to a low concentration - limited to small molecules that fit between phospholipid bilayer - temperature, particle size and charge all affect rate of diffusion
56
what is osmosis
diffusion of WATER molecules across a membrane
57
what is a hypotonic solution
has a lower concentration of solute than inside the cell causing water to move into the cell. the cell gets bigger
58
what is a hypotonic cell called in animal vs plant cells
animal is called lysis and plant cells create cell turgor
59
what is a hypertonic solution
the solvent has a higher amount of solute than inside of the cell causing water to move from inside of the cell out. water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration OUT of the cell. - the cell shrinks
60
what is shrinkage from a hypertonic solution called in animal vs plant cells?
animal cell shrinkage is called crenation, in plant cells, it is called plasmolysis
61
what is an isotonic solution?
the same concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell, water moves in and out of the cell at equal rates. - called a state of equilibrium
62
what is facilitated diffusion
- glucose and ions are too big to pass through the phospholipid bilayer - transport proteins help move across the membrane - carrier proteins transport glucose and channel proteins transport ions
63
what are carrier proteins?
- they transport glucose - change shape to transport glucose
64
what are channel proteins?
- transport ions - provides tunnels for ions to diffuse through
65
what is active transport?
- uses energy (ATP) to transport molecules against their concentration gradients - particles move from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration using chemical energy called ATP
66
what uses active transport
- plant root cells to take in minerals from the surrounding soil - all cells to remove waste
67
what is endocytosis
- method of moving molecules into the cell if they are too big to fit through the membrane - the membrane folds and forms a pocket around the material to be transported
68
what are the three types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
69
what is phagocytosis
means cell eating, used to ingest food
70
pinocytosis meaning
means cell drinking, used by cells to ingest fluids
71
what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
- used to take in molecules like cholesterol - receptors on membrane proteins identify an item for transport -proteins bind together to trigger endocytosis
72
what is exocytosis
- the reverse of endocytosis - materials stored in vesicles and vacuoles leave the cell -vesicle fuses with the membrane releasing stored contents to the outside
73
why are cells so small?
- as an efficient open system, cells must be able to carry out all of life processes - transport of materials in and out of the cell is critical because it allows these chemical reactions to happen
74
the surface area of a cell
surface area(SA) of a cell is the outer circumference
75
the volume of a cell
the volume (V) of a cell is its contents
76
surface area to volume ratio
- as cells get bigger, their SA:V decreases - Volume increases much faster than SA -this means the cell membrane may not have enough SA to transport nutrients and waste
77
what does a large SA: V ratio do for a cell
cells can transport more efficiently when they have a large SA: V
78
what could happen to a cell with a low SA: V ratio
the cell could either starve or be poisoned by a build-up of its waste
79
what do specialized cells do
specialized cells for transporting nutrients (eg. plant root cells, digestive tract.) increase SA:V increase transport rates
80
how do you get the total magnification of a microscope?
total magnification=power of objective lens(3 lens at bottom) x power of eye peice
81
what are compound light microscopes?
- magnify cells using lenses and a light source - can magnify objects up to 2000 times(2000X) - brings the image into focus within the microscope's tube using an objective lens - magnifies the image by a second lens (ocular lens or eyepiece)
82
microscope contrast
-staining cells allows contrast between internal structures of a cell to produce better images
83
what are electron microscopes
- use a bean of electrons instead of light - detailed images are formed by absorption or scattering of electron beam - two types: transmission electron (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM)whats a transmission el
84
transmission electron microscope
- used to study the internal structure of cells - electron beam is passed through thin section of tissue covered in plastic - magnify up to 1.5 million times
85
scanning electron microscope
- specimen is coated with a material that will reflect electrons - form a 3D image up to 300 000X magnification
86
difference between light and electron microscopes
light: can study live cells electron: cells have to be dead, higher magnification, greater detail(2D or 3D), most powerful today
87
Field of view calculations
Field diameter at X power = Low Power magnification / X magnification x Low power field diameter
88
feild of view
- as magnification increases, FOV gets smaller - low magnification: large FOV = bright image high magnification: small FOV = dimmer image
89
estimating size:
- calculate the FOV diameter for the magnification you are using - estimate how many times the object will fit across FOV The actual size of object=feild diameter/number of objects estimated to fit across the field of view
90
eye peice or ocular lens
has a lens that magnifies the object, usually by 10 times (10X)
91
coarse adjustment knob
moves the tube up and down to bring the object into focus
92
cellular respiration formula
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
93
photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water + light energy -> glucose + oxygen
94
fine adjustment knob
used with medium and high power magnification to bring object into sharper focus
95
revolving nosepeice
rotating disk holds two or more objective lenses. turn it to change lenses.
96
objective lenses
magnifies the object. each lens has a different power of magnification (low, medium, and high power.)
97
stage:
supports the microscope slide
98
stage clips
stage clips hold the slide in position
99
diaphragm
adjusts the diameter of an opening to control the amount of light passing through the specimen
100
lamp or mirror
lamp: supplies the light required to view the specimen mirror: directs light from the surroundings through the diaphragm
101
arm:
connects the base and the tube, used for carrying the microscope
102
base:
supports the microscope used for carrying

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