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collage need to learn > biology > Flashcards

biology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the Respiratory system

A

Takes in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide. Allows the process of gaseous exchange.

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2
Q

describe the circulatory system

A

Circulates blood around the body transporting essential nutrients and gases to all tissues.

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3
Q

describe the Digestive system

A

Facilitates the taking in, breaking down and utilizing of nutrients. Excretes excess waste in solid form.

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4
Q

describe the Urinary system

A

Filters and cleans the blood removing waste products in the form of urine.

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5
Q

describe the Lymphatics system

A

Works in conjunction with the circulatory system to take lymphatic fluid and cells around the body to help fight infections.

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6
Q

describe the Endocrine system

A

Produces, stores and releases hormones which are messages sent around the body to affect a reaction.

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7
Q

describe the Nerves system

A

Sends electrical messages around the body to allow it to function, respond to emergencies and move around.

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8
Q

describe the Skeletal system

A

Provides a solid structure to the body, allowing support, protection and shape to the animal and its vital organs. Facilitates movement in conjunction with muscles, tendons and ligaments.

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9
Q

describe the Muscle system

A

Holds the entire body in place and allows movement by contracting and relaxing.

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10
Q

describe the reproductive system

A

the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process

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11
Q

what are Turbinate bones

A

bones in the nose that Form narrow Passageways with a large surface area to heat and moisten the air before it enters the rest of the respiratory system

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12
Q

what are the two functions of the respiritory system

A

Gas exchange, pH regulation

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13
Q

What makes alveoli suited to gas exchange

A

They have a large surface area

They are one cell thick so it is easy for gases to diffuse across them

They are surrounded by capillaries, giving them an excellent blood supply

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14
Q

what makes a living organism

A

M

Movement

R

Respiration

S

sensitivity

N

Nutrition

E

Excretion

R

Reproduction

G

Growth

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15
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A

the circulatory system when the animal has a heart but the blood is left free in the body, there is no veins (left to find its way round the body.)

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16
Q

what is haemolymph

A

the equivalent to blood for arthropods and molluscs

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17
Q

what is closed respiritory system

A

vertebrates have closed circulatory system where blood is kept in blood vessels and piped around the body. Nutrients have to diffuse through the wall of the blood vessels to get to and from the body. (single circulatory system) (double circulatory system)

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18
Q

what is a single circulatory system

A

when a circluatory system has one ventricle and one atrium found in fish. Blood passes through the heart once per circuit. Two chambers in the heart.

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19
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

found on mammals, birds reptiles and amphibians. Two circuits : pulmonary circuit (lungs) , systemic circuit (body). Four chambers 2 atria 2 ventricles

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards the heart

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20
Q

describe the capillary network

A

1 cell thick network structure required for diffusion of oxygen nutrients and waste

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21
Q

describe veins

A

thin elastic muscular walls, large lumen contains valves carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

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22
Q

describe arteries

A

thick, elasticated muscular walls, small lumen no valves carry oxygenated blood to the body

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23
Q

what is an Arteriole

A

a small artery with connects to a capillary

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24
Q

what is the sinoatrial node

A

The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart,

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25
Q

how does the sinoatrial node work as a pacemaker or the heart

A

it spontaneously produces an electrical impulse. This electrical impulse travels through the heart via the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His and then the Purkinjean fibers causing the heart muscles to contract in a coordinated fashion.

.

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26
Q

which chamber of the heart is the sinoatrial node located in

A

right atrium

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27
Q

what is plasma

A

a liquid in the blood

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28
Q

what percentage of the blood in plasma

A

55%

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29
Q

what is a Erythrocyctes

A

a red blood cells

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30
Q

what is a key ingredient in hemoglobin

A

iron

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31
Q

what percentage of blood is iron

A

45%

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32
Q

what are Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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33
Q

describe a red blood cell

A

carry oxygen, bio concave structure which gives a larger surface area. Has hemoglobin which carries oxygen no nucleus to make more room for hemoglobin)

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34
Q

what percentage of blood is white blood cells and platelets

A

less than 1%

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35
Q

decribe blood composition

A

55% acellular ( Not cells) + 45% Cellular (cells)

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36
Q

what are Turbinate bones

A

bones in the nose. that Forms narrow

Passageways with a large surface area to heat and moisten

the air before it enters the rest of the respiratory tract

Aids detect

37
Q

what is an endotherm

A

gets its body temperature from internal sources

38
Q

what is an ecotherm

A

an animal which gets its body heat from sources outside the body

39
Q

what is homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment

40
Q

what does oviparity mean

A

Lay eggs, internal or external fertilisation

41
Q

what does viviparity mean

A

Live young

42
Q

what does ovoviviparity mean

A

Eggs are retained within the body and hatch at or just before birth

43
Q

what is the definition of Copulation

A

The act of mating

44
Q

what is the definition of Fertilisation

A

The fusing of ovum and sperm cells

45
Q

what is the definition of Implantation

A

a process in which a developing embryo makes contact with the uterine wall and remains attached to it until birth

46
Q

what is the definition of Gestation

A

Pregnancy

47
Q

what is the definition of Parturition

A

birth

48
Q

what is the Olfactory bulb

A

Detect and interpret sensory stimuli to odors

49
Q

what is the Soft palate

A

Closes of the nasial passage and airway during swallowing

50
Q

what is the Nasal chamber

A

Covered in mucus with small receptors to detect smells

51
Q

what is the Turbinate bones

A

Aids detection of odors

52
Q

What is the insect equivalent of blood

A

haemolymph

53
Q

How many chambers does the heart have in a single circulatory system

A

2

54
Q

What kind of animals have a single circulatory system?

A

a fish

55
Q

What are the two circuits called in a double circulatory system?

A

pulmonary

systemic

56
Q

What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node,

57
Q

What makes skeletal muscle suited to its function?

A

There is a large surface area for muscle attachment

Muscles attach to bone via tendons, with an extremely strong bond;

Skeletal muscle has a high mitochondria content, so plenty of energy can be produced for contraction

It contracts very quickly in response to stimulation by nerve impulses

But this means it does tire much more quickly

58
Q

What makes smooth muscle suited to its function?

A

Smooth muscle contracts slowly and rhymical to move ingesta along the digestive tract/the egg along the fallopian tube/the foetus along the birth canal.

Contracting slowly means this muscle does not tire easily.

Contracting rhythmically means it produces a coordinated movement which enables it to move things through the tubes.

It is elastic to allow for adaption to large meals fitting in the stomach / to allow the foetus to grow in the uterus.

59
Q

what is meant when describing the fuctionof the skeliton as locomotion

A

Providing attachment for muscles which operate bones as levers

60
Q

what is haemopoiesis

A

Bone marrow manufactures blood cells

61
Q

what is Hoeostasis

A

Releases minerals when levels in the body fall

62
Q

what is Axial

A

Runs from the skull to the tip of the tail

63
Q

what is Appendicular

A

The limbs and their attachments

64
Q

What are the 5 sections of the vertebrae?

A

Cervical

Thoracic

lumbar

Sacral

Caudal

65
Q

what is a Pentadactyl limb

A

A common limb found in all tetrapods (animals with four limbs)

66
Q

What are the 5 bones that all tetrapods with the pentadactyl limb have in common?

A

humerus

  • radius and ulna

Carpals

metacarpals

Phalanges

67
Q

what is a Sesamoid bone

A

a bone embedded within a tendon or muscle

Irregular

68
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system

A

Receive stimuli from internal and external environments

  1. Analyse and interpret the stimuli and information
  2. Bring about a necessary response
69
Q

what are Afferent neurons

A

They make up sensory nerves

Activated by external stimuli e.g. hearing, vision, touch. (pick up senses)

Responsible for receiving and transmitting messages:

From nerve impulses to CNS .

70
Q

Interneurons

A

They are located in the CNS

They receive impulses from afferent neurons and transmit impulses to efferent neurons

71
Q

Efferent neurons

A

They make up motor nerves

Involved in muscular control in the body

Responsible for receiving and transmitting messages:

From the CNS to muscles and glands .

72
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of peripheral nerves in the body.

73
Q

what does the Thalamus control

A
  • pain receptors, touch, temperature sensation.

* Movement (locomotion).

74
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

The function of the autonomic nervous system.

  • Intellectual and functional signals.
  • Temperature regulation and osmoregulation
75
Q

what does the Limbic system control

A
  • Long term memory.
  • Emotional behavior.
  • olfactory senses (smell)
76
Q

what does the MIDBRAIN control

A
  • Reticular formation – controls levels of consciousness, the sleep wake cycle.
  • Neuron receptors – Takes and processes information from sensory organs
77
Q

what does Volatile mean

A

Easily evaporates at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure

78
Q

what does Water Soluble mean

A

Dissolvable in water to passs across the mucous membrane

79
Q

what does Lipid Soluble mean

A

Because olfactory hair are made of lipids

80
Q

How do we smell?

A

Chemicals dissolve in the mucus

Cilia in the nose are covered in receptors

Receptors are stimulated and an impulse is sent to the brain

81
Q

what is the function and receptor of the Auditory (hear) 

A

Eardrum detects vibrations in the air 

Mechanoreceptors (movement) 

82
Q

what is the function and receptor of the Visual (see) 

A

The retina detects light 

Photoreceptors (light) 

83
Q

what is the function and receptor of the Gustatory (taste) 

A

Cilia detect chemicals dissolved in saliva 

Chemoreceptors (chemicals) 

84
Q

what is the function and receptor of the Olfactory (smell)

A

Cilia detect chemicals in the air 

Chemoreceptors (chemicals) 

85
Q

what is the function and receptor of the Tactile (touch) 

A

Nerve endings detect sensations and changes in the environment 

Mechanoreceptors (pressure),  

Thermoreceptors (temperature), 

Nociceptors (pain) 

86
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

A homeostatic process that controls the amount of water in body fluids

87
Q

how does the hypothalumus assist in osmoregulation whe the water level is to low

A

The hypothalamus detects blood water levels are too low (blood is too concentrated) and sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland secretes a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone, or ADH, into the blood
ADH travels in the blood to the kidney, where it acts on the tubules in the nephron, causing them to reabsorb more water back into the blood.
Urine becomes more concentrated.

88
Q

how does the hypothalumus assist in osmoregulation whe the water level is to high

A

The hypothalamus detects the water levels in the blood.
If water levels are too high (blood is too dilute),
the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland,
which decreases the amount of ADH it is releasing.
This causes the kidney tubules to decrease the amount of water they are reabsorbing back into the blood,
which means that more water will be lost into the urine. Therefore, water levels in the blood will decrease.

collage need to learn (9 decks)

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