Biology

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

Section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

Different form of a gene

Question 3

Genotype

Answer 3

Pair of alleles present for a characteristic

Question 4

Phenotype

Answer 4

The physical expression of the alleles

Question 5

Homozygous

Answer 5

Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic are the same

Question 6

Heterozygous

Answer 6

A pair of alleles that produce a characteristic are different

Question 7

Dominant allele

Answer 7

An allele that will always be expressed even when there is only of these

Question 8

Recessive allele

Answer 8

An allele that will only be expressed when both alleles are of this type

Question 9

2 types of variation

Answer 9

Genetic variation and environmental

Question 10

Variation

Answer 10

The difference between individuals of the same species

Question 11

Cell membrane

Answer 11

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 12

Nucleus

Answer 12

Contains DNA (chromosomes)

Question 13

Cytoplasm

Answer 13

Where chemical reactions take place

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Respiration occurs here

Question 15

Cloning

Answer 15

Genetically identical

Question 16

How to clone a sheep

Answer 16

Adult sheep taken from sheep 1 that they want to clone

DNA extracted from cell

DNA placed into an embryo

Embryo implanted into a surrogate sheep - sheep 3

The enucleated egg cell and nucleus are then fused

Sheep 3 is then cloned

Question 17

Embryo

Answer 17

Organisms that are genetically recessive to their parents

Question 18

Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 18

1 parent for asexual

2 needed for sexual

Question 19

Selective breeding

Answer 19

When humans Breed organisms with specific genetic characteristics

Question 20

Genetic engineering

Answer 20

Altering an organism’s genes to produce an organism with desired characteristics.

Question 21

Advantages for genetic engineering

Answer 21

Genetic engineering is quick

Anyone can work on genetic engineering

Easily repeatable

Quicker than selective breeding

Question 22

Disadvantages for genetic engineering

Answer 22

Higher risk of increasing allergies

Karge number of animals required

Environmental issues

Can be expensive

Question 23

5 steps in breeding an organism

Answer 23

1 - decide which characterstic of species is most important

2 - select parents that show high levels of this chracteristic

3 - breed these individuals

4 - select the best offspring and breed again

5 - repeat for many generations

Question 24

Advantages for selective breeding

Answer 24

Animals can be selected that cannot cause harm

New varieties may be economically important like producing more or better quality food

Question 25

Disadvantages for selective breeding

Answer 25

Reduces variation within a species Reducing number of genes by making organisms look more similar each generation

Question 26

Chromosome

Answer 26

Strand/piece of DNA

Question 27

What happens when a sperm fertilises an egg

Answer 27

Genes from the mother join with genes from the father

Question 28

How do scientists predict what an organism's offspring will look like

Answer 28

By carrying out a genetic cross

Question 29

What do Punnett squares show

Answer 29

What happens to alleles in genetic cross

Question 30

Genetically inherited disorder

Answer 30

Conditions passed from parents to their offspring in their genes

Question 31

Examples of genetic disorders

Answer 31

Cystic, fibrosis, haemophilia, polydactyly

Question 32

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 32

Produces lots of thicky sticky mucus that blocks air passages

Question 33

Carrier

Answer 33

A person who has 1 copy of the dominant allele 1 copy of recessive allele

Question 34

What does it mean if someone has a carrier

Answer 34

They carry a copy of the allele, but do not have the disorder

Question 35

What do punnet spuares determine

Answer 35

The chance of a child inheriting a condition from their parents

Question 36

Polydactyly

Answer 36

Disorder that results in a child being born with extra digits on their hands or feet

Question 37

What do different types of dogs suffer from selective breeding

Answer 37

Labradors - suffer from hip problems Pugs - suffer from breeding problems

Question 38

Result of in-breeding

Answer 38

Pedigree dogs have lower life expectancy than crossbreeds

Question 39

Why have organisms Cotton Corn Bacteria Been genetically engineered What do they produce

Answer 39

Cotton - high yields Corn - toxins that kill insects Bacteria - medicinal drugs

Question 40

When do organisms display characteristics of foreign genes

Answer 40

As the organisms develops

Question 41

What do genetically engineered bacteria produce

Answer 41

Vaccines and antibiotics

Question 42

Clone

Answer 42

An organism that is genetically identical to its parent and will look identical

Question 43

Plants that reproduce asexually

Answer 43

Potato plants Strawberry plants Daffodils

Question 44

Advantages of cloning

Answer 44

New plants produced quickly Technique is cheap All plants genetically identical so will have desired characteristics

Question 45

Main disadvantage for cloning

Answer 45

increase risk of disease

Question 46

2 animal cloning techniques Cell cloning

Answer 46

scientists clone human cells in laboratory and use them for research into diseases

Question 47

Beneficial uses of cloning for endangered animals

Answer 47

Endangered species could be cloned preventing their extinction

Question 48

DNA

Answer 48

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Question 49

DNA stand for

Answer 49

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 50

Genetic cross chromosomes are male XX and female XY Parents genotype = Parents phenotype =

Answer 50

Genotype XY XX Phenotype Male x Female

Question 51

XX - XY how genetic cross would look like

Answer 51

X X __________________ | | X | XX | XX | | Y | XY | XY

Question 52

How would a gardener carry out selective breeding to ensure their roses produced large pink flowers

Answer 52

Parents with desired characteristics chosen Bred together Offspring with desired characteristics are bred together Repeated for many generations

Question 53

How is genetic information passed from a parent to a child

Answer 53

Genetic information is found in the nucleus of the sperm and the egg. When fertilisation occurs, this information is passed onto the offspring

Question 54

How can insulin be made using geneticslly engineered bacteria

Answer 54

Genes that code for the production of insulin inserted into the bacteria Bacteria now produce insulin Bacteria multiply many times and produce large quantities of insulin Bacteria then removed leaving behind the useful insulin

Question 55

How is cutting a plant creating a clone

Answer 55

Can cut off part of a plant and then with that part you can grow another plant exactly like that (clone)

Question 56

Name of DNA special structure

Answer 56

Double Helix

Question 57

Where is DNA found in the cell

Answer 57

Nucleus Arranged in chromosomes

Question 58

Process genetic engineering

Answer 58

Locating an organism with a specific trait and extracting its DNA Cloning a gene that controls the trait Designing a gene to express in a specific wa Transformation, inserting the gene into the cells of a crop plant Cross the transgene into an elite background

Question 59

What does GMO stand for

Answer 59

Genetically modified organism

Question 60

What is a genetically modified organism

Answer 60

a plant, animal or microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome

Question 61

Simple process of nuclear transfer cloning

Answer 61

After removing the oocyte nucleus, the donor cell nucleus is injected or fused with the enucleated oocytes before the reconstructed embryos are activated

Question 62

Tissue culture

Answer 62

new skin and cartilage can be grown in a sterile environment