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Ravenclaw - STUDY GUIDE!!! > BIOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOLOGY Flashcards

Learning for a Biology Test

1
Q

Anatomy & Physiology?

A

The study of the human body & how it works

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2
Q

Cytology?

A

The study of cells

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3
Q

Genetics?

A

The study of genes and heredity

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4
Q

Microbiology?

A

The study of microscopic organisms

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5
Q

Biology?

A

The study of living things

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6
Q

Botany?

A

The study of plants

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7
Q

Ecology?

A

The study of how organisms relate to one another

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8
Q

Zoology?

A

The study of animals

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9
Q

What is the Polarity of Water?

A

Each water molecule has a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other (like a magnet)

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10
Q

Why is Water the Universal Solvent?

A

Many substances can dissolve into water because of its weak magnetic bond

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11
Q

Why do we use the Scientific Method?

A

We use the scientific method in biology to answer questions about living things

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12
Q

Bias?

A

To favor one point of view over the another

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13
Q

Spontaneous Generation?

A

The mistaken Idea that living things arise from nonliving things

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14
Q

Biogenesis?

A

The production of living organisms from other living organisms

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15
Q

How Many Different Amino Acids are There?

A

20 different amino acids

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16
Q

Carbohydrates?

A

1) Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 2) Give energy to living cells 3) Provide structure to things like plants, fungi, and insects

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17
Q

Atoms?

A

The building blocks of life

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18
Q

What are the Building Blocks of Life?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids proteins, nucleic acids

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19
Q

Carbon?

A

1) An essential element for life 2) Has 6 protons and 6 electrons, meaning its outer shell has 4 electrons

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20
Q

Cells?

A

The smallest living organisms, the building blocks of life

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21
Q

Chemistry?

A

The study of matter

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22
Q

Cholesterol?

A

What cell membranes are made of

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23
Q

Covalent Bond?

A

The force between two or more atoms sharing electrons in their valence cell

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24
Q

What are Atoms made of?

A

Potons, neutrons, electrons

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25
Q

Electron Shells?

A

The areas in an atom where electrons exist orbiting the nuleus

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26
Q

Velence shell?

A

The outermost electron shell in an atom

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27
Q

Octet Rule?

A

Most elements are most stable with 8 electrons in their valence shell

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28
Q

Ion?

A

An atom with a positive or negative charge (an unequat number of protons and electrons)

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29
Q

Ionic Bond?

A

The force between two elements in a polar molecule

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30
Q

Non-Polar Bonding?

A

When the electrons are evenly distributed among the atoms in a molecule

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31
Q

Chemical Reaction?

A

When atoms come together to make a molecule, or when a molecule breaks up into separate atoms

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32
Q

Reactant?

A

The atoms that come together to form a molecule in a chemical reaction

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33
Q

Product?

A

The molecule that results from reactants coming together

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34
Q

The First Law of Thermodynamics States that?

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

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35
Q

The Second Law of Thermodynamic States that?

A

Give enough time, everything wears out and falls apart. (Entropy)

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36
Q

Organic Chemistry?

A

A study of the common elements that make up living things and the chemical compounds produced by living things

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37
Q

Nucleus?

A

The center of an atom, comprised of protons and neutrons

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38
Q

What are Nucleic Acids Made of?

A

Nucleotides, which form DNA and RNA: the code of a cell

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39
Q

Where is Nucleic Acids Found?

A

In the nucleus of a cell

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40
Q

Enzyme?

A

A type of protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction

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41
Q

What are Proteins and What do They Do?

A

50 or more amino acids linking together
1) Proteins form the structure of tissues and organs.
2) Proteins carry out chemical reactions in the body.
3) Proteins act as chemical messengers.

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42
Q

Fatty Acids?

A

A long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms bonded in a chain

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43
Q

How are Lipids Used?

A

For energy, insulating cells, and protecting cells

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44
Q

Steroids?

A

Are made of 4 carbon rings with a tail and are chemical messengers

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45
Q

Element?

A

Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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46
Q

Matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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47
Q

Active Transport?

A

Using energy to move molecule from a lower to highter concentration

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48
Q

Brownian Motion?

A

The random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid

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49
Q

Cells?

A

The smallest unit of life

50
Q

Cell Theory?

A

A.)All living things are composed of one or more cells B) A cell is the basic unit of organization in all organisms C) All cells come from existing cells

51
Q

Chloroplasts?

A

The organelles only found in autotrophs which are responsible for photosythenesis

52
Q

Cytology?

A

The study of cells

53
Q

Cytoplasm?

A

Fluid inside the cells, contains moleculles and organelles

54
Q

Cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibers that give the cell its shape

55
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from high concentration to lower concentration

56
Q

Endocytosis?

A

Movement into the cell

57
Q

Eukaryote?

A

The type of cells in a multicellular organisms

58
Q

Exocytosis?

A

Movement out of the cell

59
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

A way of understanding what cell membranes are and do. Cellular membranes are not a solid barrier but the lipids move like a fluid with cholesterols, proteins, and carbs embedded in the membrane.

60
Q

Golgie Apparatus?

A

A) Serves as the shipping center of the cell
b) Function: sorts proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum into vesicles

61
Q

Homeostasis?

A

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

62
Q

Hydrophylic?

A

Water loving

63
Q

Hydrophobic?

A

Water avoiding

64
Q

Lysosomes?

A

A) Serve as the recycling center of the cell
b) Function: contain enzymes that break down molecules

65
Q

Mitochondria?

A

A) Serve as the power plants of the cell
b) Function: creating energy through cellular respiration c) Unique compared to other organelles because they self-replicate and have their own DNA

66
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

Structures where ribosomes are made

68
Q

Nucleoplasm?

A

A watery gel-like substance inside the nucleus

69
Q

Nucleus?

A

The control center of the cell

70
Q

Organ?

A

Several types of tissues that work together to perform a function

71
Q

Organ System?

A

A group of organs cooperating to perform a function

72
Q

Organelles?

A

“Little organs” inside the cell

73
Q

Osmosis?

A

Similar to diffusion, but with the solvent diluting the solution

74
Q

Passive transport?

A

No energy needed

75
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

A cell taking in solid material

76
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer?

A

A) Phospholipids: a hydrophilic (water-loving) head, and two hydrophobic (water-avoiding) tails
b) This forms a bilayer structure (two layers)

77
Q

Pinocytosis?

A

A cell taking in liquid material

78
Q

Plasma Membrane?

A

The cell membrane, the outer boundary that seperates the cell from its invironment

79
Q

Prokaryote?

A

Single-celled- organisms

80
Q

Ribosomes?

A

The smallest and most numerous organelles in the cell

81
Q

Robert Hooke?

A

The very first to see a cell using a homemade microscope

82
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

(1) Has ribosomes attached to it, making it look bumpy (2) Function: responsible for producing proteins

83
Q

Selective Permeability?

A

Allows certain things in and keep other things out

84
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulm?

A

(1) No ribosomes attached to it, appears to have a smooth surface (2) Function: responsible for making lipids

85
Q

Tissue?

A

A group of cells connected together to carry out a specific function

86
Q

Vacuoles?

A

A) Serve as the storage containers of the cell
b) Function: store food, water, and minerals for the cell

87
Q

Vesicles?

A

Small membrane sacs that specialized in moving products into, out of, and within a walls

88
Q

Autotrophs?

A

Producers: organsims that make their own food

89
Q

Calvin Cycle?

A

The procces by which the plant produces glucose for food

90
Q

Chlorophyll?

A

A green pigment responisible for obsorbing light, found in clusters in the thylakoid membrane

91
Q

Consumers?

A

Organsisms which depend on other organsisms for their food

92
Q

Grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

93
Q

Heterotrophs?

A

Consumers: Organsisms which depend on other organisms for food

94
Q

Light-Dependent Phase?

A

The first phase of photosythesis; the process by which plants convert energy from sunlight into ATP

95
Q

Producers?

A

Organisms that make their own food

96
Q

Stroma?

A

A fluid-filled area around the grana

97
Q

Thylakoids?

A

Specialized disks inside chloroplasts

98
Q

Aerobic Resperation?

A

When cells use glucose and oxygen to produce energy

99
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation?

A

A) Occurs in plants and fungi
b) Pyruvate from glycolysis goes through a chemical process that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide

100
Q

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?

A

Producing energy without using oxygen

101
Q

ATP?

A

The chemical energy all cells need to thrive

102
Q

Cellular Respiration?

A

The precess in which cells take glucose and turn it into usable energy

103
Q

Fermantation?

A

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygyn

104
Q

Glycolysis?

A

Step 1 of Aerobic respiration.
1. Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
2. The cell brings in glucose via active transport
3. Glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, is broken down into two pyruvates, which are 3-carbon molecules.
4. Glycolysis does not require oxygen

105
Q

Kerbs Cycle?

A

Step 3 in aerobic resperation; a 5 step cycle of complex chemical reactions

106
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Step 4 in aerobic resperation; the electron transport chain

107
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

Step 2 of aerobic respiration;
The mitochondria turns the pyruvate, a 3-carbon molecule, into Acetyl CoA, a 2-carbon molecule.
Doing this, it loses 1 carbon which attaches to oxygen, creating the waste product carbon dioxide

108
Q

Adenine?

A

The base that pairs with thymine in DNA

109
Q

Anabolism?

A

When organisms make compounds needed by the cell

110
Q

Anticodon?

A

The nuceotide sequences on tNRA

111
Q

Base Pairs?

A

The “rungs” of the DNA ladder
1. Adenine and thymine always pair together
2. Guanine and cytosine always pair together

112
Q

Catabolic Process?

A

A series of pathways where molecules are broken down into smaller bits and energy is released

113
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

The 3 step process of protein synthesis:
A. DNA replication
B. RNA transcription
C. Protein translation

114
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and histones

115
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coils of DNA are bundled up into organized structures

116
Q

Codons

A

Nucleotides in mRNA are found in triplets, or groups of 3’s

117
Q

Cytosine

A

The base that pairs with guanine and DNA

118
Q

Double Helix

A

Shape of DNA

119
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

The enzyme recognizes the nitrogen bases and adds the missing ones to each side of the “unzipped” DNA (adenine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine) to create two complete strands of DNA

120
Q

DNA Replicatoin

A

When cells divide, the DNA replicates so each cell can have a copy of DNA

121
Q
A

Ravenclaw - STUDY GUIDE!!! (13 decks)

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