BIOLOGY Flashcards
Learning for a Biology Test (121 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy & Physiology?
A
The study of the human body & how it works
2
Q
Cytology?
A
The study of cells
3
Q
Genetics?
A
The study of genes and heredity
4
Q
Microbiology?
A
The study of microscopic organisms
5
Q
Biology?
A
The study of living things
6
Q
Botany?
A
The study of plants
7
Q
Ecology?
A
The study of how organisms relate to one another
8
Q
Zoology?
A
The study of animals
9
Q
What is the Polarity of Water?
A
Each water molecule has a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other (like a magnet)
10
Q
Why is Water the Universal Solvent?
A
Many substances can dissolve into water because of its weak magnetic bond
11
Q
Why do we use the Scientific Method?
A
We use the scientific method in biology to answer questions about living things
12
Q
Bias?
A
To favor one point of view over the another
13
Q
Spontaneous Generation?
A
The mistaken Idea that living things arise from nonliving things
14
Q
Biogenesis?
A
The production of living organisms from other living organisms
15
Q
How Many Different Amino Acids are There?
A
20 different amino acids
16
Q
Carbohydrates?
A
1) Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 2) Give energy to living cells 3) Provide structure to things like plants, fungi, and insects
17
Q
Atoms?
A
The building blocks of life
18
Q
What are the Building Blocks of Life?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids proteins, nucleic acids
19
Q
Carbon?
A
1) An essential element for life 2) Has 6 protons and 6 electrons, meaning its outer shell has 4 electrons
20
Q
Cells?
A
The smallest living organisms, the building blocks of life
21
Q
Chemistry?
A
The study of matter
22
Q
Cholesterol?
A
What cell membranes are made of
23
Q
Covalent Bond?
A
The force between two or more atoms sharing electrons in their valence cell
24
Q
What are Atoms made of?
A
Potons, neutrons, electrons
25
Electron Shells?
The areas in an atom where electrons exist orbiting the nuleus
26
Velence shell?
The outermost electron shell in an atom
27
Octet Rule?
Most elements are most stable with 8 electrons in their valence shell
28
Ion?
An atom with a positive or negative charge (an unequat number of protons and electrons)
29
Ionic Bond?
The force between two elements in a polar molecule
30
Non-Polar Bonding?
When the electrons are evenly distributed among the atoms in a molecule
31
Chemical Reaction?
When atoms come together to make a molecule, or when a molecule breaks up into separate atoms
32
Reactant?
The atoms that come together to form a molecule in a chemical reaction
33
Product?
The molecule that results from reactants coming together
34
The First Law of Thermodynamics States that?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed
35
The Second Law of Thermodynamic States that?
Give enough time, everything wears out and falls apart. (Entropy)
36
Organic Chemistry?
A study of the common elements that make up living things and the chemical compounds produced by living things
37
Nucleus?
The center of an atom, comprised of protons and neutrons
38
What are Nucleic Acids Made of?
Nucleotides, which form DNA and RNA: the code of a cell
39
Where is Nucleic Acids Found?
In the nucleus of a cell
40
Enzyme?
A type of protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
41
What are Proteins and What do They Do?
50 or more amino acids linking together
1) Proteins form the structure of tissues and organs.
2) Proteins carry out chemical reactions in the body.
3) Proteins act as chemical messengers.
42
Fatty Acids?
A long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms bonded in a chain
43
How are Lipids Used?
For energy, insulating cells, and protecting cells
44
Steroids?
Are made of 4 carbon rings with a tail and are chemical messengers
45
Element?
Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
46
Matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
47
Active Transport?
Using energy to move molecule from a lower to highter concentration
48
Brownian Motion?
The random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid
49
Cells?
The smallest unit of life
50
Cell Theory?
A.)All living things are composed of one or more cells B) A cell is the basic unit of organization in all organisms C) All cells come from existing cells
51
Chloroplasts?
The organelles only found in autotrophs which are responsible for photosythenesis
52
Cytology?
The study of cells
53
Cytoplasm?
Fluid inside the cells, contains moleculles and organelles
54
Cytoskeleton?
A network of fibers that give the cell its shape
55
Diffusion
Molecules move from high concentration to lower concentration
56
Endocytosis?
Movement into the cell
57
Eukaryote?
The type of cells in a multicellular organisms
58
Exocytosis?
Movement out of the cell
59
Fluid Mosaic Model?
A way of understanding what cell membranes are and do. Cellular membranes are not a solid barrier but the lipids move like a fluid with cholesterols, proteins, and carbs embedded in the membrane.
60
Golgie Apparatus?
A) Serves as the shipping center of the cell
b) Function: sorts proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum into vesicles
61
Homeostasis?
Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
62
Hydrophylic?
Water loving
63
Hydrophobic?
Water avoiding
64
Lysosomes?
A) Serve as the recycling center of the cell
b) Function: contain enzymes that break down molecules
65
Mitochondria?
A) Serve as the power plants of the cell
b) Function: creating energy through cellular respiration c) Unique compared to other organelles because they self-replicate and have their own DNA
66
Nuclear Envelope
A membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
67
Nucleolus
Structures where ribosomes are made
68
Nucleoplasm?
A watery gel-like substance inside the nucleus
69
Nucleus?
The control center of the cell
70
Organ?
Several types of tissues that work together to perform a function
71
Organ System?
A group of organs cooperating to perform a function
72
Organelles?
"Little organs" inside the cell
73
Osmosis?
Similar to diffusion, but with the solvent diluting the solution
74
Passive transport?
No energy needed
75
Phagocytosis?
A cell taking in solid material
76
Phospholipid Bilayer?
A) Phospholipids: a hydrophilic (water-loving) head, and two hydrophobic (water-avoiding) tails
b) This forms a bilayer structure (two layers)
77
Pinocytosis?
A cell taking in liquid material
78
Plasma Membrane?
The cell membrane, the outer boundary that seperates the cell from its invironment
79
Prokaryote?
Single-celled- organisms
80
Ribosomes?
The smallest and most numerous organelles in the cell
81
Robert Hooke?
The very first to see a cell using a homemade microscope
82
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
(1) Has ribosomes attached to it, making it look bumpy (2) Function: responsible for producing proteins
83
Selective Permeability?
Allows certain things in and keep other things out
84
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulm?
(1) No ribosomes attached to it, appears to have a smooth surface (2) Function: responsible for making lipids
85
Tissue?
A group of cells connected together to carry out a specific function
86
Vacuoles?
A) Serve as the storage containers of the cell
b) Function: store food, water, and minerals for the cell
87
Vesicles?
Small membrane sacs that specialized in moving products into, out of, and within a walls
88
Autotrophs?
Producers: organsims that make their own food
89
Calvin Cycle?
The procces by which the plant produces glucose for food
90
Chlorophyll?
A green pigment responisible for obsorbing light, found in clusters in the thylakoid membrane
91
Consumers?
Organsisms which depend on other organsisms for their food
92
Grana?
Stacks of thylakoids
93
Heterotrophs?
Consumers: Organsisms which depend on other organisms for food
94
Light-Dependent Phase?
The first phase of photosythesis; the process by which plants convert energy from sunlight into ATP
95
Producers?
Organisms that make their own food
96
Stroma?
A fluid-filled area around the grana
97
Thylakoids?
Specialized disks inside chloroplasts
98
Aerobic Resperation?
When cells use glucose and oxygen to produce energy
99
Alcoholic Fermentation?
A) Occurs in plants and fungi
b) Pyruvate from glycolysis goes through a chemical process that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide
100
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?
Producing energy without using oxygen
101
ATP?
The chemical energy all cells need to thrive
102
Cellular Respiration?
The precess in which cells take glucose and turn it into usable energy
103
Fermantation?
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygyn
104
Glycolysis?
Step 1 of Aerobic respiration.
1. Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
2. The cell brings in glucose via active transport
3. Glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, is broken down into two pyruvates, which are 3-carbon molecules.
4. Glycolysis does not require oxygen
105
Kerbs Cycle?
Step 3 in aerobic resperation; a 5 step cycle of complex chemical reactions
106
Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Step 4 in aerobic resperation; the electron transport chain
107
Pyruvate Oxidation?
Step 2 of aerobic respiration;
The mitochondria turns the pyruvate, a 3-carbon molecule, into Acetyl CoA, a 2-carbon molecule.
Doing this, it loses 1 carbon which attaches to oxygen, creating the waste product carbon dioxide
108
Adenine?
The base that pairs with thymine in DNA
109
Anabolism?
When organisms make compounds needed by the cell
110
Anticodon?
The nuceotide sequences on tNRA
111
Base Pairs?
The "rungs" of the DNA ladder
1. Adenine and thymine always pair together
2. Guanine and cytosine always pair together
112
Catabolic Process?
A series of pathways where molecules are broken down into smaller bits and energy is released
113
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The 3 step process of protein synthesis:
A. DNA replication
B. RNA transcription
C. Protein translation
114
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and histones
115
Chromosomes
Coils of DNA are bundled up into organized structures
116
Codons
Nucleotides in mRNA are found in triplets, or groups of 3's
117
Cytosine
The base that pairs with guanine and DNA
118
Double Helix
Shape of DNA
119
DNA Polymerase
The enzyme recognizes the nitrogen bases and adds the missing ones to each side of the "unzipped" DNA (adenine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine) to create two complete strands of DNA
120
DNA Replicatoin
When cells divide, the DNA replicates so each cell can have a copy of DNA
121
