GRAMMER Flashcards
To learn grammer
Independent Clause
Has a subject and a verb. Can stand alone
Dependent Clause
Has a subject and verb. Cannot stand alone
Subject
The person or thing that oes the action
Simple Subject
A subject
Complete Subject
A subject made up of the simple subject and any modifiers
Compound Subject
A subject made up of two or more people, places, things, or ideas
Verb
A word for an action or astate of being
Action Verb
Jumps, runs, sleeps, avoids
Predicate
The part of the clause or sentence that is not the subject. A predicate must have a verb
Stative Verb
A verb for a state of being, a thought or an emotion
Transitive Verb
A verb that acts on something. It is a direct object
Intransitive Verb
A verb that does not act on something. It does not have an object
Auxiliary Verb
A word added to the main verb to show tense, voice, or mood. It is also known as a helping verb
Phrasal Verb
A verb made up of a main verb and a preposition, adverb, or both. The phrasal verb usually has a meaning completly different to its main verb, which can confuse beginners
Regualr Verb
A verb that adds -ed or -d to its base from to made A) simple past tense and B) its past participle
Irregular Verb
A verb that does not made A) simple past tense and B) its past participle by adding -ed or -d to its base form
Infinitive Verb
Averb in its basic form. It usually has the word “to” before it, but not always
Bare Inifinitive Verb
An infinitive verb without the word “to” befire it
Past Tense Verb
A verb that happened before now
Present Tense Verb
A verb that happened berfore now
Future Tense Verb
A verb that shows something that may happen in the future
Direct Objective
The person or thing that verb acts on
Inderect Object
The person or thing for whom the action was done
Passive Voice
A sentince has a passive voice when the action is done to the subject, not done by the subject
Affix
Letters added to the root of a word to change its meaning. If the letters are added beefore the root, they are called a prefix. If the letters are added after the root, they are called suffix
Alliteration
Repetition of the same first sound in a string of words
Consonance
Repetition of the same consonant sound in a string of words consance is not restricted to the first sound like alliteration is
Anagram
A word (or group of words) make up of the exact letters of another
Analogy
A comparason of two things to show how thye are similar. Two common types of analoty are similes and metaphors
Epiphora
Repeating words at hte end of sentences
Coommoratio
Repeating an idea over and over, using different words
Anastrophe
Change the normal word order
Antecedent
The word that pronoun refers to
Appositive
A noun, noun phrase, or noun clause which sits nexxt to another noun and renames or describes it
Active Voice
A sentence has an active voice when the subject does the action
Model Verb
A type of auxiliary verb that shows ability, possiblity permission, and obligation
Conjunction
Changing the verb so that it matches the subject. This must be memorized.
Non-Finite Verb
A verb that is not showing tense. This category is made up of gerunds, infinitives, and participles.
Participle
A verb that is used as an adjective. There are two types: present participle and past participle.
Adjective Phrase
A group of words that disrcibes a noun. There must be an adjective in an adjective phrase
Attibutive
When the phrase is inside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies.
Predicative
When the phrase is outside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies. A predicative phrase is usually linked to the noun by a linking verb.
Participle Phrase
An adjective phrase that starts with a participle.
Misplaced Modifier
A word, phrase, or clause that does not relate to what it was supposed to modify.
Dangler Modifier
A type of misplaced modifier where there is nothing to modify.
Spuinting Modifier
A type of misplaced modifier that could modify either the words before or the words after it. It can “look” left or right. If there is nothing to one of those sides, then it is a misplaced modifier.
Limiting Modifier
A word that restricts the words it modifies.
A limiting modifier usually modifies the word immediately to its right. The most common limiting modifiers are: almost, hardly, nearly, just, only, merely
Gerund
A verb that acts like a noun. Gerunds always end in -ing
Complement
The word or words needed to complete the meaning of an expression. Complements cannot be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning.
Linking Verb
A verb that connects the subject to the predicate and does not show an action.
Apposition
A sentence construction where a noun or noun phrase is place beside another to explain or define it. The noun or noun phrase that does the explaining is called the “appositive”.
Archaism
A word that is no longer used in English
Methinks - I think
Wherefore - Why
Sooth - Truth
Anon - At once
Aye - Yes
Article
In English, the words “a”, “an”, and “the” are the only articles. They show if something is specific or not. Articles are a type of determiner.
Determiner
A word that modifies a noun to show amount, ownership, specificity, or definiteness.
Indefinite Adjective
Tells us more about a noun in a non-specific way
Possessive Adjective
A word that tells us who owns the noun
Demonstrative Adjective
A word that points out a specific thing or things. It also describes a noun
Demonstrative Pronoun
A word that points out a specific thing or things. It takes the place of a noun
Aspect
The part of a verb that tells us the action is still going on or if it has finished
Assonance
Repeating the same vowel sound in a string of words
Helping Verb
A verb that is next to the main verb, telling us about its tense, mood, or voice
Verb Phrase
The main verb plus its helping verb
Base Form
The simplest form of the verb. It is the form found in the dictionary. It is the same as the infinitive form, but the word “to” has been removed.
Case
This shows a noun’s or pronoun’s relationship to the other words in the sentence. There are only four cases in Modern English: subjective, objective, possessive, and vocative.
Subjective Case
The case for a noun or pronoun when it is the subject
Possesive Case
The case for a noun or pronoun when it shows that it owns something
Vocative Case
The case for a noun when it is being directly talked to. The noun doesn’t change from its regular form. It should have commas around it.
Coordinate Conjunction
A conjunction that joins two or more like with like. For example, adjective with adjectives, nouns with nouns, phrases with phrases, etc.
Colloquialism
A familiar expression used mostly in informal speech. This includes (but is not limited to) contractions, slang, and profanity.
Slang
Words or phrases that are very informal and often used only in a special context or by a certain social group.
Idiom
A commonly-used expression whose surface meaning does not relate to its actual meaning
Colon
A punctuation mark used in ratios, times, titles, quotes, to expand and idea, and to introduce something
Comma
Used to seperate parts of sentences
Compound Adjective
A single adjective made up of mofe then one word. It is usually hyphenated
Compound Predicate
A predicate that tells us two or more things about the same subject, without repeating the subject.
Compound Verb
A verb made up of more then one word
Conditional Sentences
Sentences made up of two halves, where one half begins with the word “if” and the other half states what would have / will happen if the first half became true
onjunctive Adverb / Transitional Phrase
An adverb that acts like a conjunction.
It joins two sentences or independent clauses and shows how the two are related. Because they give a smooth transition between sentences and clauses, they are also known as transitional phrases. Commas do not come before conjunctive adverbs; they come after
Apposition
A sentence construction where a noun or noun phrase is place beside another to explain or define it. The noun or noun phrase that does the explaining is called the “appositive”
Connotion
A further understanding of the word’s meaning
Denotion
The basic meaning of a word. This is the meaning you will find in a dictionary
Acryonm
An abbreviation spoken like a word
Correlative Conjunctions
Pairs of conjunctions that link two equal things in a sentence.
En Dash
Used in a number range or in a compound noun of two equal things.
