GRAMMER Flashcards
To learn grammer (210 cards)
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Q
Independent Clause
A
Has a subject and a verb. Can stand alone
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Dependent Clause
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Has a subject and verb. Cannot stand alone
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Q
Subject
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The person or thing that oes the action
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Simple Subject
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A subject
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Complete Subject
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A subject made up of the simple subject and any modifiers
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Compound Subject
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A subject made up of two or more people, places, things, or ideas
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Q
Verb
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A word for an action or astate of being
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Action Verb
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Jumps, runs, sleeps, avoids
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Predicate
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The part of the clause or sentence that is not the subject. A predicate must have a verb
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Stative Verb
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A verb for a state of being, a thought or an emotion
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Transitive Verb
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A verb that acts on something. It is a direct object
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Intransitive Verb
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A verb that does not act on something. It does not have an object
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Q
Auxiliary Verb
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A word added to the main verb to show tense, voice, or mood. It is also known as a helping verb
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Phrasal Verb
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A verb made up of a main verb and a preposition, adverb, or both. The phrasal verb usually has a meaning completly different to its main verb, which can confuse beginners
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Regualr Verb
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A verb that adds -ed or -d to its base from to made A) simple past tense and B) its past participle
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Irregular Verb
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A verb that does not made A) simple past tense and B) its past participle by adding -ed or -d to its base form
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Infinitive Verb
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Averb in its basic form. It usually has the word “to” before it, but not always
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Bare Inifinitive Verb
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An infinitive verb without the word “to” befire it
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Past Tense Verb
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A verb that happened before now
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Present Tense Verb
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A verb that happened berfore now
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Future Tense Verb
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A verb that shows something that may happen in the future
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Q
Direct Objective
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The person or thing that verb acts on
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Inderect Object
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The person or thing for whom the action was done
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Passive Voice
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A sentince has a passive voice when the action is done to the subject, not done by the subject
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Affix
Letters added to the root of a word to change its meaning. If the letters are added beefore the root, they are called a prefix. If the letters are added after the root, they are called suffix
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Alliteration
Repetition of the same first sound in a string of words
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Consonance
Repetition of the same consonant sound in a string of words consance is not restricted to the first sound like alliteration is
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Anagram
A word (or group of words) make up of the exact letters of another
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Analogy
A comparason of two things to show how thye are similar. Two common types of analoty are similes and metaphors
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Epiphora
Repeating words at hte end of sentences
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Coommoratio
Repeating an idea over and over, using different words
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Anastrophe
Change the normal word order
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Antecedent
The word that pronoun refers to
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Appositive
A noun, noun phrase, or noun clause which sits nexxt to another noun and renames or describes it
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Active Voice
A sentence has an active voice when the subject does the action
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Model Verb
A type of auxiliary verb that shows ability, possiblity permission, and obligation
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Conjunction
Changing the verb so that it matches the subject. This must be memorized.
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Non-Finite Verb
A verb that is not showing tense. This category is made up of gerunds, infinitives, and participles.
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Participle
A verb that is used as an adjective. There are two types: present participle and past participle.
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Adjective Phrase
A group of words that disrcibes a noun. There must be an adjective in an adjective phrase
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Attibutive
When the phrase is inside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies.
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Predicative
When the phrase is outside the noun phrase of the noun it modifies. A predicative phrase is usually linked to the noun by a linking verb.
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Participle Phrase
An adjective phrase that starts with a participle.
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Misplaced Modifier
A word, phrase, or clause that does not relate to what it was supposed to modify.
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Dangler Modifier
A type of misplaced modifier where there is nothing to modify.
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Spuinting Modifier
A type of misplaced modifier that could modify either the words before or the words after it. It can "look" left or right. If there is nothing to one of those sides, then it is a misplaced modifier.
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Limiting Modifier
A word that restricts the words it modifies.
A limiting modifier usually modifies the word immediately to its right. The most common limiting modifiers are: almost, hardly, nearly, just, only, merely
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Gerund
A verb that acts like a noun. Gerunds always end in -ing
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Complement
The word or words needed to complete the meaning of an expression. Complements cannot be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning.
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Linking Verb
A verb that connects the subject to the predicate and does not show an action.
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Apposition
A sentence construction where a noun or noun phrase is place beside another to explain or define it. The noun or noun phrase that does the explaining is called the "appositive".
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Archaism
A word that is no longer used in English
Methinks - I think
Wherefore - Why
Sooth - Truth
Anon - At once
Aye - Yes
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Article
In English, the words "a", "an", and "the" are the only articles. They show if something is specific or not. Articles are a type of determiner.
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Determiner
A word that modifies a noun to show amount, ownership, specificity, or definiteness.
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Indefinite Adjective
Tells us more about a noun in a non-specific way
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Possessive Adjective
A word that tells us who owns the noun
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Demonstrative Adjective
A word that points out a specific thing or things. It also describes a noun
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Demonstrative Pronoun
A word that points out a specific thing or things. It takes the place of a noun
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Aspect
The part of a verb that tells us the action is still going on or if it has finished
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Assonance
Repeating the same vowel sound in a string of words
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Helping Verb
A verb that is next to the main verb, telling us about its tense, mood, or voice
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Verb Phrase
The main verb plus its helping verb
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Base Form
The simplest form of the verb. It is the form found in the dictionary. It is the same as the infinitive form, but the word "to" has been removed.
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Case
This shows a noun's or pronoun's relationship to the other words in the sentence. There are only four cases in Modern English: subjective, objective, possessive, and vocative.
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Subjective Case
The case for a noun or pronoun when it is the subject
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Possesive Case
The case for a noun or pronoun when it shows that it owns something
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Vocative Case
The case for a noun when it is being directly talked to. The noun doesn't change from its regular form. It should have commas around it.
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Coordinate Conjunction
A conjunction that joins two or more like with like. For example, adjective with adjectives, nouns with nouns, phrases with phrases, etc.
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Colloquialism
A familiar expression used mostly in informal speech. This includes (but is not limited to) contractions, slang, and profanity.
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Slang
Words or phrases that are very informal and often used only in a special context or by a certain social group.
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Idiom
A commonly-used expression whose surface meaning does not relate to its actual meaning
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Colon
A punctuation mark used in ratios, times, titles, quotes, to expand and idea, and to introduce something
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Comma
Used to seperate parts of sentences
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Compound Adjective
A single adjective made up of mofe then one word. It is usually hyphenated
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Compound Predicate
A predicate that tells us two or more things about the same subject, without repeating the subject.
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Compound Verb
A verb made up of more then one word
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Conditional Sentences
Sentences made up of two halves, where one half begins with the word "if" and the other half states what would have / will happen if the first half became true
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onjunctive Adverb / Transitional Phrase
An adverb that acts like a conjunction.
It joins two sentences or independent clauses and shows how the two are related. Because they give a smooth transition between sentences and clauses, they are also known as transitional phrases. Commas do not come before conjunctive adverbs; they come after
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Apposition
A sentence construction where a noun or noun phrase is place beside another to explain or define it. The noun or noun phrase that does the explaining is called the "appositive"
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Connotion
A further understanding of the word's meaning
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Denotion
The basic meaning of a word. This is the meaning you will find in a dictionary
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Acryonm
An abbreviation spoken like a word
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Correlative Conjunctions
Pairs of conjunctions that link two equal things in a sentence.
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En Dash
Used in a number range or in a compound noun of two equal things.
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Em Dash
Used in place of a colon, semicolon, ellipsis, and parenthesis; and when crediting a quotation.
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Dash
Use in compound nouns or compound adjectives
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Dependent Adverb Clause
A dependent clasue that acts like an adverb
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Diction
A) The words chosen.
B) How clearly the words were spoken.
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Indirect Question
A question inside of a statement or another question
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Emotive Language
Words that are meant to make the reader or listener feel emotion.
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Emphatic Pronoun
A pronoun that refers back to a noun to emphasize it. This is also called an intensive pronoun.
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Enumeration of Adjectives
Using more than one adjective to describe something
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Euphemism
The use of inoffensive words to replace rude or offensive ones
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Figuritive Language
The use of words in a creative way
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Onomatopoeia
A word which sounds like what it is used for
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hyperbole
An exaggeration used for effects
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Pun
A wordplay on two or more words that sound the same but have different meanings.
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Figure of Speech
When words are used to mean something other than what they actually mean.
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Future Progressive Tense
Used for an action that will continue for some time in the future.
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Future Perfect Tense
Used for an action that will have been completed at some time in the future
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Future Perfect Progressive Tense
Used for an action that continues for some time and will be completed at a specific time in the future.
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