Biology Flashcards

Question

Which stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells under different conditions

Answer 1

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 2

A chain of glucose monomers that forms a cell wall

Answer 3

A microscope using a beam of electrons to provide a very high magnification + resolution

Answer 4

The ability to see two structures as two separate structures rather than one fuzzy dot

Answer 5

DNA - the instructions for the cell

Answer 6

Uses visible light, but limited magnification and resolution

Answer 7

Enlarging the apparent size of an object

Answer 8

The process of using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen

Answer 9

Turning DNA into protein (on ribosomes)

Answer 10

Cell well Cell membrane Pilli Plasmid Flagellum Ribosome Cytoplasm Chromosome

Answer 11

Cells within multicellular organisms that have been modified to perform specific functions. They have unique structures and features that allow them to carry out particular tasks within the body. For example, red blood cells are specialized for carrying oxygen, while nerve cells are specialized for transmitting signals.

Answer 12

The ability to develop into different types of cells

Answer 13

When stem cells divide into two identical daughter stem cells

Answer 14

When stem cells divide into two specialized cells. REMEMBER: After diffrentiation, the two daughter cells may not be the same specialized cell. E.g. Skin (when grown under Condition A) Neurons (when grown under Condition B) Blood (when grown under Condition C) Liver (when grown under Condition D)

Answer 15

1) Self-renewal 2) Differentiation

Answer 16

1) Adult Stem Cell, e.g. Bone Marrow 2) Embryonic Stell Cell, e.g. Embryo 3) Plant Stem Cell, e.g. Meristem Cell (Shoot Tips)

Answer 17

They are immature cells that can develop into various types of blood cells. These stem cells are crucial for producing red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), and platelets (help with blood clotting).

Answer 18

They are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, a stage of early embryonic development, and have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body.

Answer 19

To enable rapid plant growth, create clones of desirable plant traits, and facilitate genetic modifications.

Answer 20

These cells were present when you were a zygote and an embryo (between 1-9 weeks old). They divide rapidly though mitosis and begin to differentiate. Embryonic stem cells can grow into any specialised cell found in the adult organism. Once an embryonic stem cell has differentiated, it cannot change back/turn into any other type of cell.

Answer 21

Although also found in children, these are simply called (adult) stem cells, only grown in specific parts of the body, such as bone marrow. They are used to repair the body when it is injured. Crucially, they an only develop into the type of cell found in that location. E.g. White and red blood cells

Answer 22

* Can treat a wide variety of diseases and problems * Many available - plentiful * Using them = better > wasting - If someone is going to have abortion, it is better to use it for saving lives * Painless * Also may produce a useful way to test the effects of experimental drugs

Answer 23

* Possible harm/death to embryo * (Kind of) untested/unreliable/risky * Long-term effects * Permission = not given - this is seen as unethical as it is seen as the murder of human life

Answer 24

* Permission = HAS to be given, so there are no ethical issues * Quick recovery * (Relatively) safe/low risk - it does not kill the donor * Proof they work - tested

Answer 25

* Operation hazards - e.g. infection * Few types of cell/tissue produce diseases/problems treated * Painful, so deters doctors and donors

Answer 26

Part of a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together

Answer 27

A strand of replicated chromosome

Answer 28

The type of cell division which produces genetically identical daughter cells. When the cell divides, both parts will contain the exact same DNA. In the embryo, after new cells are produced, they differentiate. This makes them specialised for a particular function.

Answer 29

1) Growth (e.g. Embryo growth) 2) Replacement of cells (e.g. wear and tear repair) 3) Asexual Reproduction (e.g. Bacteria)

Answer 30

1) Parent cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes 2) Chromosomes are copies 3) Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell 4) Chromatids are pulled apart 5) The cell cleaves (divides) into two with the chromatids 6) Two daughter cells are made - each identical to the parent stem cell; both with 23 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 31

1) Interphase 2) Prophase 3) Metaphase 4) Anaphase 5) Telophase 6) Cytokinesis

Answer 32

1) Prophase 2) Metaphase 3) Anaphase 4) Telophase Remember - "P-MAT"

Answer 33

Interphase

Answer 34

The start of the Cell Division Cycle, where the cell functions and grows and REPLICATES its DNA. It makes up 90% of the time taken to do Cell Division, and is the longest stage of a cell's lifetime.

Answer 35

The start of Mitosis, where the CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE and thicken, becoming visible.

Answer 36

M for Metaphase, M for Middle - the CHROMOSOMES LINE UP VERTICALLY across the MIDDLE of the cell.

Answer 37

A for Anaphase, A for Away - CHROMOSOMES MOVE towards the POLES of the cell. They do not move by themselves. Instead, "spindles", made of fibre, attach to them move them to the ends.

Answer 38

T for Telophase, T for Two - after coming to the OPPOSITE ENDS, NEW NUCLEI FORM on each side to make TWO NEW CELLS. This is the end of Mitosis.

Answer 39

The end of the Cell Division Cycle where the cell membrane pinches inward until the cytoplasm separates 2 identical daughter cells.

Answer 40

The net movement of particles from an area of HIGH CONCentration to LOW CONCentration down a CONCentration GRADIENT. It requires no input of energy (so it is PASSIVE) from the outside in order to happen it occurs due to the KINETIC ENERGY of the particles themselves. Diffusion occurs in fluids (liquids + gases). It finishes when there is an EQUAL DISTIBUTION of particles in all areas. E.g. PJPOJFPONjByfpttybPIutV9rtBVpiYTPItvpYP + fd s hy tre => PJPKioSVT + PJPKioSVT

Answer 41

1) Diffusion Distance 2) Temperature 3) Concentration Gradient 4) Surface Area 5) Size of Particles 6) Diffusion Medium

Answer 42

Having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid

Answer 43

The shorter it is , the faster diffusion happens

Answer 44

Increasing the temperature will increase the kinetic energy, therefore also increasing the rate of diffusion

Answer 45

The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the particles will diffuse

Answer 46

Larger surface area means faster diffusion as particles diffuse more frequently

Answer 47

Larger particles diffuse faster

Answer 48

More viscous diffusion media slow the rate of diffusion

Answer 49

The movement of molecules AGAINST their CONCentration GRADIENT (from low conc. to high conc.) across a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE. This requires ENERGY input and a carrier protein.

Answer 50

Osmosis is basically just the diffusion of water molecules. The net movement of WATER molecules across a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE, from a region of HIGH CONCentration to LOW CONCentration.

Answer 51

A solution where the volume of water/sugar is the same on both sides of the cell membrane. It looks like a normal cell.

Answer 52

Cells swell and may burst due to water moving into them. This happens because the solution outside the cell has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell, causing water to flow into the cell by osmosis.

Answer 53

A cell will shrink and shrivel because water moves out of the cell due to osmosis. This happens because the solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell, leading to a net movement of water out of the cell to balance the solute concentration.

Answer 54

* Upper Epidermis * Waxy Cuticle * Palisade Mesophyll * Spongey Mesophyll * Xylem * Phloem * Stomata * Lower Epidermis

Answer 55

Transparent - light passes through

Answer 56

Helps the structure of the cell and is waterproof to reduce water loss (via evaporation)

Answer 57

Many chloroplasts for photosynthesis - it is tall and thin, and therefore has a large surface area and so light hits the chloroplasts frequently.

Answer 58

Loose, making gases be able to flow easily - helping with gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out). There is some photosynthesis that happens here.

Answer 59

Transports water and mineral ions UP the plant from roots to leaves.

Answer 60

Transports sugars and amino acids

Answer 61

Opens to allow gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out), but water vapour will also be lost. Therefore it closes at night to reduce water loss, as it will not need to do photosynthesis because of the lack of sunlight. Therefore, there will be no need for it to do gas exchange as the CO2 is not needed for photosynthesis anymore.

Answer 62

Covers the lower edge of leaf

Answer 63

Xero = Dry Phyte = Plant Plants that are adapted to survive in dry conditions. E.g. Cacti / Succulents / Pine tree / Marram grass

Answer 64

The smallest living unit E.g. Muscle Cell / Xylem

Answer 65

A group of cells working together for 1-2 functions E.g. Nervous tissue / Epidermis

Answer 66

A group of tissues working together for many functions E.g. Large Intestine / Roots

Answer 67

A group of organs working together for many functions E.g. Reproductive System / Shoot System

Answer 68

A living thing E.g. Tigers / Tomatoes

Answer 69

It describes a cell that is swollen with water and firm

Answer 70

It describes a cell that is limp and lacks stiffness due to water loss

Answer 71

The process of breaking down a cell, typically by disrupting its membrane, and releasing its internal content in HYPOTONIC cells

Answer 72

1) Stem 2) Leaf 3) Roots (4) Flower)

Answer 73

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 74

Photosynthesis

Answer 75

Transport of water Minerals UP, Sugars DOWN

Answer 76

Absorb water / mineral ions (e.g. nitrates and magnesium ions)

Answer 77

* Long / Thin / Hollow / Dead "cells" joined end to end forming continuous vessels, with no blockages (continuous flow of WATER) * Lignified cell wall - waterproof and rigid walls (enriched with lignin) * Pits in cell walls, which allow water to move sideways between cells

Answer 78

* Sieve tubes - long cells joined end to end * Sieve Plates - between tubes to allow plants to control direction of movement of specific chemicals, specialized for transport no nuclei, has a perforated end do its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next, completely DEPENDANT ON COMPANION CELL * Companion cells - do all the metabolic activities for sieve tubes and provide energy for the phloem, on the side of tube so no organelles to get in the way of flow

Answer 79

Xylem - Dead Cells Phloem - Living Cells

Answer 80

Xylem - Yes, completely hollow Phloem - No

Answer 81

Xylem - Continuous tubes Phloem - No, they have sieve plates (classified as end walls)

Answer 82

Xylem - Up Phloem - Up and Down

Answer 83

Xylem - Water / Minerals Phloem - Sucrose (Table Sugar) / amino acids

Answer 84

Xylem - Evaporation / Transpiration Phloem - Translocation

Answer 85

* Vacuole to hold water * Thicker cell wall on pore-facing side of guard cell, this bulges out when there is plenty of water, therefore TURGID (at day time), and turns FLACCID (at night time when there is no use for CO2 due to the lack of night and water loss may happen), small and flat

Answer 86

Holes in the lower edge of the leaf, in the lower epidermis

Answer 87

Cells that "guard" the stomata. Specialized plant cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, tiny pores on the leaf surface. They control the exchange of gases, like carbon dioxide and oxygen, and water vapor between the plant and the atmosphere.

Answer 88

1) Temperature 2) Light Intensity 3) Air Movement 4) Number of leaves 5) Humidity

Answer 89

The amount of water in the air

Answer 90

Higher temperatures mean water molecules have more kinetic energy and are more likely to evaporate.

Answer 91

Higher light intensity means more photosynthesis, so the stomata need to be open to allow gas exchange (taking in CO2). More stomata being open means more transpiration.

Answer 92

More air movement means water vapour is moved away from the surface of the leaf. This increases the concentration gradient between the inside of the leaf and the air, which will cause more transpiration to happen.

Answer 93

More leaves mean more transpiration as there are more stomata for water vapour to escape through.

Answer 94

More water vapour in the air (higher humidity) causes LOWER levels of transpiration. This is because the concentration gradient between the inside of the leaf and air will be lower, which means lower rates of transpiration / less water vapour will be lost.

Answer 95

Carbon Dioxide + Water ( + Sun's energy + Chlorophyll) => Glucose + Oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O2 + 6O2

Answer 96

1) Temperature 2) Light Intensity 3) CO2 Concentration

Answer 97

The Rate of Photosynthesis INCREASES as the temperature INCREASES until it reaches the OPTIMUM temperature. After this is DECREASES. Increasing the temperature past its optimum will cause enzymes and other PROTEINS in the plant to DENATURE, reducing the rate of photosynthesis.

Answer 98

As the light intensity INCREASES, the rate of photosynthesis INCREASES until it levels off. At this point, any further increase will NOT CHANGE the rate of photosynthesis as there is another limiting factor.

Biology Flashcards

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