Biology 1a

Question 0

What two factors can affect your metabolic rate ?

Answer 0

Size / muscle mass / exercise

Question 1

Name 3 different food types needed for a balanced diet

Answer 1

Carbohydrates / fats / protein / fibre / calcium / vitamins / mineral ions

Question 2

Eating too much leads to what ?

Answer 2

Obesity

Question 3

Obesity can lead to what ?

Answer 3

Arthritis / type 2 diabetes / high blood pressure / heart disease / cancer

Question 4

Lack of food leads to what ?

Answer 4

Malnourishment

Question 5

What does a lack of vitamin C lead to ?

Answer 5

Scurvy

Question 6

What does your lifestyle include ?

Answer 6

What you eat and do

Question 7

How does bacteria make you ill ?

Answer 7

1. Damage cells

2. Producing toxins ( poisons )

Question 8

How does a virus survive ?

Answer 8

They invade cells and reproduce inside them and then burst.

Question 9

Why do you feel ill because of a viral infection ?

Answer 9

Cell damage

Question 10

How does your body defend against invasion ?

Answer 10

Hair / mucus / skin / blood clots (platelets) / white blood cells in immune system

Question 11

Name the 3 ways white blood cells defend against invaders

Answer 11

1. Consume them - white blood cells engulf foreign cells
2. Producing antibodies - antibodies lock onto antigen and kill the foreign cell
3. Antitoxins - These counteract invading bacteria

Question 12

Explain vaccination

Answer 12

1. Small dead or inactive viruses are injected. Body produces antibodies to attack the antigens.
2. The antibody shape is memorised in memory cells. If you are affected again they can rapidly be produced before you are too ill

Question 13

Advantages of vaccine include

Answer 13

Epidemics prevented / controlled many illnesses in the past ( eg. Polio, tetanus )

Question 14

Disadvantages of vaccines include

Answer 14

They don’t always work / can have bad reactions.

Question 15

What do antibiotics help ?

Answer 15

Bacterial infections

Question 16

What are the dangers of antibiotics ?

Answer 16

The bacteria can mutate to become immune to the antibiotics and therefore not be cured. This will survive and reproduce and won’t be stopped. Can be deadly

Question 17

What was Semmelweis’ theory ?

Answer 17

He was working in a hospital where many babies were dying. He believed this was down to doctors carrying bacteria as their hands weren’t washed. He made the midwifed wash their hands and saw that much less were dying from midwife than doctor. This is why we wash our hands !

Question 18

What are the five sense organs ?

Answer 18

Eyes / ears / nose / tongue / skin

Question 19

What is a receptor ?

Answer 19

They are a group I cells that are sensitive to a specific stimulus (eg. Light )

Question 20

What does CNS stand for ?

Answer 20

Central nervous system

Question 21

What is a neurone ?

Answer 21

Part of the nervous system that transmits information.

Question 22

What is the route in which an impulse takes ?

Answer 22

Sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector muscle

Question 23

What is a synapse ?

Answer 23

The connection between two neurones

Question 24

How does a synapse work ?

Answer 24

Chemicals diffuse and therefore move across the gap. These set of a new electrical impulse in the next neurone.

Question 25

How do reflexes prevent injury ?

Answer 25

They produce automatic instant responses to danger that is much quicker than hormones

Question 26

Fully describe the reflex arc

Answer 26

Stimulus > receptor > sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector > response

Question 27

What is a hormone ?

Answer 27

A chemical messenger which travels in the blood to activate target cells

Question 28

Where is the pituitary gland ? What does it produce ?

Answer 28

The brain. FSH and LH

Question 29

What do ovaries produce?

Answer 29

Ovaries produce oestrogen

Question 30

What are the differences between hormones and nerves ?

Answer 30

Nerves = fast acting / work for short time / precise area Hormones = slower / work for long time / act in general area

Question 31

What signifies day one of the menstrual cycle ?

Answer 31

When bleeding starts as the uterus lining breaks down

Question 32

What is stage two of the menstrual cycle ?

Answer 32

The uterus lining builds up again.

Question 33

Stage three is when the .........

Answer 33

Egg is released

Question 34

What is stage four of the menstrual cycle ?

Answer 34

The wall is maintained as it waits for an egg to be fertilised. If this doesn't happen the whole cycle starts again

Question 35

What does FSH do ?

Answer 35

Causes an egg to mature in the ovaries. It also stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.

Question 36

What does LH do ?

Answer 36

Stimulates the release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle.

Question 37

What does oestrogen do ?

Answer 37

Causes pituitary gland to produce LH. Inhibits further release of FSH

Question 38

How is oestrogen used as a contraceptive ?

Answer 38

Prevents the release of an egg, this so done by keeping low levels of FSH. This stops production and egg development

Question 39

What does the pill contain ?

Answer 39

Progesterone and oestrogen.

Question 40

What does progesterone do ?

Answer 40

Stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm reaching the egg.

Question 41

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the pill ?

Answer 41

Advantage = 99% effectivity / reduces the risk of getting cancer Disadvantage = still a chance of pregnancy / side effects / doesn't protect against STD's

Question 42

What are the disadvantages of IVF

Answer 42

* Some women have strong reactions * Increase risk of cancer * multiple births can occur

Question 43

Auxin is a ........

Answer 43

Plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

Question 44

True or false - shoots are positively phototropic and positively geotropic

Answer 44

False - positively phototropic and negatively geotropic

Question 45

Roots grow towards gravity. What else do they grow towards ?

Answer 45

Moisture

Question 46

How do auxins cause plants to grow ?

Answer 46

They are at a higher concentration on the shaded side of the plant, so they grow and therefore bend towards the light

Question 47

What is homeostasis ?

Answer 47

Homeostasis is when your body tries to keep a constant internal environment.

Question 48

What are ions regulated by ?

Answer 48

Kidneys

Question 49

How is water lost from the body ?

Answer 49

Sweat / breath / urine

Question 50

What is body temperature controlled by ?

Answer 50

The Brain

Question 51

Define a drug

Answer 51

A substance that changes your body chemistry

Question 52

What is a medical drug, a recreational drug and a performance enhancing drug ?

Answer 52

Medical = a drug that is legal, some however need prescriptions Recreational = used for fun, leal or illegal PE = increase performance

Question 53

What are the advantages and disadvantages of performance enhancing drugs ?

Answer 53

Adv. = should be allowed to make own choice / sport is already unfair Dis. = unfair / serious health risks

Question 54

What's the three stage of drug testing ?

Answer 54

1. Lab testing - drugs tested on human tissue 2. Animal testing - this is to test if the drug works, what dosage is necessary and how harmful it may be 3. If the drug passes these stations it's tested on volunteers.

Question 55

Why are drugs tested on healthy humans ?

Answer 55

To see if it definitely has no health risks and side side affects

Question 56

Why are some given real drugs and some given placebos ?

Answer 56

So doctors can see the actual differences

Question 57

What is a placebo

Answer 57

A substance that is like the drug however it does nothing, the mind thinks it's working however it is not

Question 58

Give an example of a drug that went wrong ?

Answer 58

Thalidomide

Question 59

How did thalidomide go wrong ?

Answer 59

It was intended to be a sleeping pill however it was effective for morning sickness. It hadn't been tested for morning sickness and as a result it produced birth defects

Question 60

Why do people use recreational drugs ?

Answer 60

Fun / curiosity / relaxation / personal life