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Biology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

which is NOT the function of the excretory system? and why?
- excrete liquid waste
- maintain blood pressure
- filter toxins from blood
- maintain blood osmolarity

A

filter toxins from blood; this is the job of the liver, which is not a part of the excretory system

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2
Q

what does aldosterone act on and what does it cause

A

acts on DISTAL convoluted tube and causes an increase in Na+/H2O reuptake

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3
Q

which hormone acts on the kidney in the renin-angiotensinogen pathway? what does this hormone cause?

A

aldosterone; causes an increase in blood pressure

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4
Q

true or false: as the diaphragm flexes, the volume of the chest decreases, resulting in exhalation

A

false: As the diaphragm contracts (or flexes), it moves downwards, increasing the volume of the chest cavity. This increase in volume decreases the pressure within the lungs, causing inhalation as air moves into the lungs to equalize the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and moves back up, reducing the volume of the chest cavity.

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5
Q

which of these would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen?
- increased blood pH
- decreased temperature
- increased 2-3 DPG
- decreased blood CO2

A

increased 2-3 DPG

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6
Q

what contains valves: arteries and veins?

A

veins

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7
Q

true or false: arteries have thin walls

A

false: they have thick walls

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8
Q

do arteries have high pressure or low pressure?

A

high

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9
Q

what is the order of electrical conduction in the heart?
AV node
Bundle of His
SA node
Purkinje fibers

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

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10
Q

what white blood cells have a long lifespan?

A

lymphocytes: they include memory cells

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11
Q

do neurons have the ability to replicate?

A

no

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12
Q

what do neurons use for energy?

A

glucose

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13
Q

what cell junction is present in an electrical synapse?

A

gap junction

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14
Q

true or false: sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons

A

true

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15
Q

what junction is norepinephrine found at?
sympathetic or parasympathetic?
pre or post ganglionic

A

sympathetic postganglionic

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16
Q

which of these are exocrine glands?
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- adrenal gland
- sebaceous gland

A

sebaceous gland

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17
Q

what is the function of prolactin

A

stimulate milk PRODUCTION

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18
Q

what hormone is needed for the stimulation of milk secretion?

A

oxytocin

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19
Q

what is the function of the kidney

A

excrete liquid and solute waste,
maintain: pH, osmolarity, and blood pressure

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20
Q

what are venules

A

smallest veins

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21
Q

what are capillaries

A

smallest vessels

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22
Q

which organs and cells does the nervous system have?

A

includes brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neural support cells (astrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells etc.) and sensory organs such as the eyes and ears

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23
Q

describe the neuron structure

A

it starts with the large part as the dendrites being the outside spiky parts and the middle is the cell body (there is nucleus in the middle of the cell body).
the axon hillock connects the cell body to the long part. the long part is covered by the myelin sheath which has the Schwann cell in the middle. each part of the myelin sheath is separated by the nodes of ranvier. the ending is known as the axon terminal

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24
Q

in the sodium potassium pump, how many Na+ go in/out and how many K+ go in/out

A

3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ in the cell

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25
what does the central nervous system include?
brain and spinal cord interneurons only
26
what does the peripheral nervous system include
all neurons outside of CNS both sensory and motor
27
what are the two branches from peripheral nervous system?
automatic and somatic
28
which would the motor and sensory fall under: automatic or somatic
automatic
29
would the parasympathetic and sympathetic fall under motor or sensory?
motor
30
what is the sympathetic system?
fight or flight: think people are sympathetic when you get into a fight or something that is dangerous
31
what is the parasympathetic system?
rest and digest
32
in the parasympathetic system, what happens to the pupil heart rate blood pressure blood flow to skeletal muscle blood flow to digestive organs blood flow to the brain blood flow to the skin
pupil constriction heart rate goes down blood pressure goes down blood flow to skeletal muscle goes down blood flow to digestive organs goes up blood flow to the brain goes down blood flow to the skin goes up
33
in the sympathetic system, what happens to the pupil heart rate blood pressure blood flow to skeletal muscle blood flow to digestive organs blood flow to the brain blood flow to the skin
pupil dilation heart rate goes up blood pressure goes up blood flow to skeletal muscle goes up blood flow to digestive organs goes down blood flow to the brain goes up blood flow to the skin goes down
34
what is the function of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary function: stimulates growth of follicle in menstrual cycle and also stimulates the production of sperm
35
what is the function of LH (Luteinizing hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary function: surge in LH causes ovulation. it stimulates secretion of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
36
what is the function of ALTH and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary function: acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of glucocorticoids-cortisol and aldosterone
37
what is the function of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary function: acts on thyroid - stimulates release of T3 and T4
38
what is the function of Prolactin and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary function: stimulates milk production in the breast
39
what is the function of GH (growth hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary function: stimulates growth throughout the body
40
what is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and where is it located?
location: posterior pituitary function: acts on the collecting duct, making it permeable to H2O. leads to H2O retention and increase in blood pressure
41
what is the function of Oxytocin and where is it located?
location: posterior pituitary function: stimulates milk secretion during nursing and stimulates contractions during childbirth
42
what is the function of PTH and where is it located?
location: parathyroid function: stimulates osteoclast activity, breaking down bone and increasing blood Ca2+ levels and blood pressure
43
what is the function of Glucagon and where is it located?
location: pancreas function: stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose
44
what is the function of Insulin and where is it located?
location: pancreas function: decrease blood glucose by stimulating glycolysis and glycogen synthesis
45
what is the function of hCG(Human chorionic gonadotropin) and where is it located?
location: placenta function: prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum, maintaining pregnancy
46
what is the function of Calcitonin and where is it located?
location: thyroid function: gets calcium out of blood and into bone
47
what is the function of Cortisol and where is it located?
location: adrenal cortex function: stress hormone; increase in blood glucose and stimulates break down of fats
48
what is the function of Aldosterone and where is it located?
location: adrenal cortex function: acts on distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ retention and H2O retention. leads to increase in blood pressure
49
what is the function of Testosterone and where is it located?
location: gonads (testes) function: stimulates secondary sex characteristics
50
what is the function of Estrogen and where is it located?
location: gonads (ovaries) function: causes L.H. surge during menstruation; stimulates female sex organs
51
what is the function of Progesterone and where is it located?
location: gonads (ovaries) function: stimulates growth and maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy
52
what is the function of T3 and T4 and where is it located?
location: thyroid function: increase in basal metabolic rate
53
what is the function of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine and where is it located?
location: adrenal medulla function: fight or flight, similar to sympathetic N.S.
54
which hormones are steroid/lipid soluble
cortisol, aldosterone, testerone, estrogen, progesterone
55
what class is T3 and T4
lipid solublew
56
what class is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?
H2O soluble
57
what is the function of Bowman's Capsule/Glomerulus?
filters blood to create piltrate
58
what is the function of Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
H2O reuptake
59
what is the function of the Loop of Henle
descending: H2O reuptake, impermeable to ions ascending: Na+/Cl- reuptake
60
what is the function of distal convoluted tubule?
aldosterone acts here to increase Na+ reuptake, which increases H2O reuptake
61
what is the function of the collecting duct?
ADH acts here to increase H2O solubility, which increase H2O reuptake
62
where does O2/CO2 gas exchange occur?
alveoli
63
as the diaphragm muscle _________, it ________ the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.
as the diaphragm muscle contracts, it increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.
64
as the diaphragm muscle _________, it ________ the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm extension.
as the diaphragm muscle relaxes, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.
64
as volume ________, pressure ________, drawing air into the lungs
as volume increases, pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs (contraction)
65
as volume ________, pressure ________, pushing air out of the lungs
as volume decreases, pressure increases, pushing air out of the lungs (relaxation)
66
what is the blood buffer system?
CO2 + H2O <--> HCO3- + H+
67
what is the function of the cardiovascular system
deliver O2 and nutrients to cells pick up CO2 and waste, carry them to lungs and kidneys
68
arteries carry blood _____
blood away from the heart
69
veins carry blood _______
blood to the heart
70
organize these into Large, Smaller, Smallest artery arteriole venule capillary vein
larger: artery & vein smaller: arteriole & venule smallest: capillary
71
describe the flow artery arteriole venule capillary vein heart
heart -> artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> venule -> vein ->heart and then back again
72
what are three things blood does
- transport nutrients, gases, waste products/hormones to and from cells - regulate extracellular environment & maintain homeostasis - protect body from foreign bodies
73
what 3 things is blood composed of?
plasma - 55% of blood buffy coat (leukocytes & platelets) - <1% erythrocytes - 45%
74
microfilaments are composed of
actin
75
how many hydrogen bonds does GC have? how about AT?
2 for AT (think that it makes the word 'at' with just two words) 3 for GC (think that you'll need more to make an actual word out of GC)

MCAT (13 decks)

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