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MCAT > Psychology 2 (complete) > Flashcards

Psychology 2 (complete) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is attention

A

concentrating on one aspect of environmental stimuli while excluding other stimuli

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2
Q

what is divided attention

A

focusing on multiple things at once

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3
Q

what is selective attention

A

focusing on one thing, ignoring everything else

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4
Q

cocktail party effect

A

when you are paying attention to one thing and your attention is suddenly drawn to something else
ex. you’re at a party and hear your name somewhere else

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5
Q

who is the person recognized for the cognitive development theory

A

jean piaget

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6
Q

what is a schema

A

a mental blueprint showing how to behave in certain situations or scenarios

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7
Q

piaget’s stages of cognitive development
include ages and function

A

sensorimotor: birth to 2 (coordination and motor responses)
preoperational: 2-7 (irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism)
concrete operational: 7-11 (mental operations, mastery of conservation)
formal operational: 11-adult (abstract, logic thinking)

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8
Q

what effect does aging have on brain volume and neural plasticity?

A

both decrease

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9
Q

what effect does aging have on overall/working memory? how about procedural memory? how about semantic?

A

overall/working: decrease
procedural/semantic: stable

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10
Q

what effect does culture have on cognitive development

A

different expectations & traditions result in different development

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11
Q

what effect does heredity have on cognitive development

A

people can inherit genetic predispositions

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12
Q

what effect does environment have on cognitive development

A

different parenting styles reward different behavior

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13
Q

what effect biology culture have on cognitive development

A

metabolic/biological conditions can alter cognition

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14
Q

mental set definition

A

inflexibility of applying previously used complicated solutions to new problems despite the presence of easier methods

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15
Q

cognitive bias

A

any error of thinking that leads to inaccuracies on a failure to consider all options

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16
Q

functional fixedness

A

obstacle in our mind that prevents us from using things beyond traditional use

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17
Q

anchoring bias

A

people are over-reliant on the first piece of information they hear

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18
Q

availability heuristic

A

people overestimate the importance of information that is available to them

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19
Q

confirmation bias

A

we tend to only listen to information that confirms our preconceptions

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19
Q

conservation bias

A

when people favor prior evidence over new evidence that has emerged
ex. people were slow to accept that earth was round bc they already had accepted that earth was flat

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20
Q

overconfidence

A

being too confident about our abilities, causing us to take greater risks in our daily lives

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21
Q

what is trial and error

A

try something different until it works
ex. moving to different locations until you find one you like

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22
Q

what is algorithms

A

step-by-step flowchart-like approach
ex. pros and cons list

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23
Q

heuristics are?

A

mental shortcuts that can either be helpful or result in cognitive bias (any error of thinking that leads to inaccuracies on a failure to consider all options)

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24
what is intuition?
going with your gut
25
deductive vs inductive reasoning
i: specific to general d: general to specific
26
representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things terms of how well they represent or match a prototype
27
what is gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
intelligence isn't universal, it can manifest in different ways
28
galton's genetic intelligence theory
introduced the idea of nature vs. nurture and performed first twin studies believed intelligence is hereditary
29
what did Binet do
developed intelligence scale and first IQ test
30
what are 4 things that IQ is influenced by
- level of parental expectation - socioeconomic status - early educational intervention - adequate nutrition
31
how many sleep stages are there
stages 1-4 and REM so 5 total
32
what stage of sleep does dreaming happen
REM
33
what stage of sleep does deep sleep happen
stages 3/4
34
what is parasomnia
abnormal movements, behavior, perceptions, or emotions during sleep
35
somnambulism
sleep walking (think: sonam kapoor walks well)
36
dyssomnia
difficulty falling/staying asleep, or avoiding sleep
36
what are night terrors and what stage of sleep does it happen
periods of anxiety or dread during deep sleep stage 3/4
37
insomnia
difficulty falling/staying asleep
38
sleep apnea
difficulty breathing while asleep
39
narcolepsy
difficulty staying awake
40
cataplexy
sleep paralysis
41
who proposed the idea that dreams are expressions of unconscious desires
freud
42
who proposed the idea that dreams are a conceptualization of our thoughts and experiences
hall
43
what is hypnosis
trance-like highly suggestible state
44
meditation is?
altered mental state intended to promote focus and well-being
45
LSD, shrooms are examples of
hallucinogens
46
alcohol, barbiturates are examples of
depressants Think: downers
47
amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy are
stimulants think: uppers
48
opioids are examples of
pain killers
49
is marijuana an upper or downer?
both depending on dose
50
in what system does the drug addiction stimulates the dopamine reward pathway?
limbic system
51
what is broca's area
speech production
52
what is wernicke's area
speech processing area
53
what connects both broca and wernicke areas
arcuate fasciculus
54
what side of the brain is broca and wernicke's area on
left
55
in reference to theories of language, explain: learning nativist interactionist
learning: we learn language based on behaviorist approaches and operant learning, such as rewards and punishment nativist: language is innate and it developed on its own interactionist: we learn language by interacting with others
56
what are the 7 universal emotions
CHAD SurFS contempt happiness anger disgust surprise fear sadness
57
what is the process of the james-lange theory
action before emotion think: jAmEs lAngE - A before E ex. arousal leads to heart pounding which leads to fear(emotion)
58
what is the process of the cannon-bard theory
both emotion and action happen at the same time think: cannon hitting you with two things
59
what is the process of the schachter-singer two factor theory
action and cognitive label happen at the same time, and then comes the emotion
60
what is the Lazarus theory
labels first, then comes action/emotion L=labels
61
what does the amygdala control
emotions
62
what does the hypothalamus do
homeostasis
63
what does the thalamus do
relays information
64
what does the hippocampus do
memory conversion
65
periods of extreme emotion: what happens to skin temperature in fear? how about anger?
fear: decreases anger: increases
66
periods of extreme emotion: what happens to skin conductivity when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
increase
67
periods of extreme emotion: what happens to heart rate in anger? fear? happiness?
anger/fear: increase happiness: decrease
68
periods of extreme emotion: what happens to blood pressure in anger? fear? sadness? happiness?
all cause BP to increase
69
what is primary appraisal
initial evaluation determines whether a stressor is IRRELEVANT, Benign-positive(good), or stressful (bad)
70
what is secondary appraisal
if the stressor is negative, we determine whether or not we have the resources to deal with it
71
eustress vs distress
eustress: makes you better, doesn't last long distress: leaves you worse, lasts a while
72
what is the general adaptation syndrome
our stress response system defends, then fatigues
73
problem solving approach vs emotional approach
p: find solutions, take action, get help e: change how you think about the stressor, take responsibility
74
incentive theory
our behavior is dictated by a desire for external rewards
75
what is the maslow's pyramid of needs composed of?
basic needs: physiological, safety psychological: love/belonging, esteem self actualization/fulfilment
76
in the self determination theory, what are the three basic human needs?
competence: need to be effective in dealing with environment autonomy: need to control the course of their lives relatedness: need to have a close, affectionate relationships with others
77
what is the cognitive theory
we act based on plans, goals, and expectations
78
extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
e: motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment i: motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards
79
what is the definition of attitude?
a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way
80
role-playing effects
a person acting out a role is likely to internalize the attitudes associated with that role
81
zimbardo prison study
group of college students were placed in the position of prison guards over another group of college students. the study had to be ended early because the 'guards' became so harsh and the 'prisoners became depressed
82
cognitive dissonance theory
internal conflict that occurs in a person when they hold two conflicting beliefs simultaneously
83
internal vs external locus of control
internal: outcomes within your control external: outcomes outside your control
84
kohlberg's moral stages are
preconventional: up to age of 9 conventional: adolescents and adults postconventional
85
erikson's stages of psychological development
infancy: Mistrust vs trust early childhood: Shame/doubt vs autonomy preschool: Guilt vs initiative school: Inferiority vs industry adolescence: Role confusion vs identity young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation middle adulthood: Stagnation vs generativity maturity: Despair vs ego integrity My Slutty Girl In Red Is Sucking D*ck
86
freud's theory of psychosexual development
oral (0-1): sucking, tasting etc anal (1-3): toilet training phallic (3-6): differences between sexes latent (6-puberty): peer/social relationships and gender roles genital (puberty-adult): sexual desires and urges directed toward others
87
social identity theory
how people develop their identities. people develop their identity interaction with society
88
role taking vs looking-glass self
r: adopting and acting out a particular social role L: how I think other perceive me
89
what is shadowing think in terms of ears/hearing
when you are asked to repeat/recall information that you heard (usually to a specific ear)

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