Biology, Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
Superior
A
Above, towards head
2
Q
Inferior (caudal)
A
Below, towards feet
3
Q
Anterior (ventral)
A
Towards front
4
Q
Posterior (dorsal)
A
Towards back
5
Q
Medial
A
Towards midline
6
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline to sides
7
Q
Proximal
A
Towards trunk of the body
8
Q
Distal
A
Away from trunk of body
9
Q
Superficial
A
Close to surface
10
Q
Deep
A
Towards inside
11
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Divides body into left and right (anywhere)
12
Q
Midsagittal Plane
A
Divides body into equal left and right (middle)
13
Q
Transverse Plane
A
Divides body into upper and lower
14
Q
Frontal (coronal) Plane
A
Divides body into front and back
15
Q
Cranial
A
Brain
16
Q
Spinal
A
Spinal Cord
17
Q
Thoracic
A
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea
18
Q
Abdominal
A
Stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas
19
Q
Pelvic
A
Bladder, reproductive organs
20
Q
Body Regions: Upper
A
- Right hypochondriac
- Epigastric
- Left hypochondriac
21
Q
Body Regions: Mid
A
- Right lumbar
- Umbilical
- Left lumbar
22
Q
Body Regions: Lower
A
- Right iliac (inguinal)
- Hypogastric
- Left iliac (inguinal)
23
Q
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
A
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
24
Q
What are the 8 types of structural units?
A
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organism
25
Skeletal Muscle
- Extremities
- Elongated, cylindrical cells
26
Cardiac Muscle
- Heart
- Short, branching cells
27
Smooth Muscle
- Blood vessels
- Hollow organs
- Short, tapered cells
28
Epithelium
- Body surfaces
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Reproductive
- Urinary tract
- Surrounding cavity
29
Connective Tissue
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Blood (cells in extracellular matrix)
30
Nervous Tissue
- Brain
- Spine (neurons, neuroglia)
31
Tendon
Muscle to bone
32
Ligament
Bone to bone
33
Nervous System: Central
Brain, spinal cord
34
Nervous System: Peripheral (Sensory)
Everything else
35
Nervous System: Motor (Somatic Nervous System)
Controls skeletal muscles
36
Nervous System: Motor (Autonomic Nervous System)
Controls:
- Smooth muscles
- Cardiac
- Glands
- Parasympathetic system (rest/digest)
- Sympathetic (fight/flight response)
37
What does the Endocrine System do?
Secretes hormones
38
Name the 10 Organs included in the Endocrine System
1. Pancreas
2. Hypothalamus
3. Thymus
4. Heart
5. Kidneys
6. Stomach
7. Liver
8. Spleen
9. Skin
10. Reproductive
39
Steroid Hormones
Cholesterol and Lipid soluble
40
Protein Hormones
Amino acids
41
What are the 5 different types of Glands?
1. Pituitary
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Adrenal
5. Pineal
42
What is the purpose of the Integumentary System?
- Covers and protects tissues and organs
- Regulates temperature and moisture
43
Skin Layers: Stratum Corneum
Surface layer
44
Skin Layers: Stratum Lucidum
Palms/soles of the feet
45
Skin Layers: Stratum Granulosum
Cell death begins here
46
Skin Layers: Stratum Spinosum
Melanocytes
47
Skin Layers: Stratum Basale
Deepest layer of skin (where epidermal cells are created)
48
Skin Layers: Sweat Glands
- Merocrine (thermoregulation)
- Apocrine (hair follicles)
- Ceruminous (ear wax)
49
Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton
80 bones:
- Skull
- Hyoid
- Auditory Ossicles
- Vertebral Column
- Sternum
- Ribs
50
Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones:
- Pectoral
- Pelvic Girdle
- Upper and lower extremities
51
Bone Structures: Cancellous
Spongy bone (marrow)
52
Bone Structures: Compact
Dense bone (protection) made up of cells and canals
53
Bone Structures: Flat Bones
Where muscles attach:
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Scapula
- Cranium
54
Bone Structures: Long Bones
For Stability:
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Phalanges
55
Bone Structures: Short Bones
For Balance:
- Carpals
- Tarsals
56
Bone Structures: Irregular Bones
- Vertebrae
- Coaxal
- Some facial bones
- Calcaneus
57
Bone Structures: Sesamoid Bones
Protect Tendons:
- Patella
58
Bone Structures: Skull Bones
- 21 immobile bones
- Mandible
59
Cardiopulmonary System - Blood:
- Connective tissue
- Moves oxygen to/from tissues, hormones, nutrients, WBCs, clotting factors
60
Cardiopulmonary System - Veins
- Low pressure
- Has valves
- Not oxygenated blood
61
Cardiopulmonary System - Arteries
- High pressure
- Oxygenated blood
62
Cardiopulmonary System - Capillaries
Gas exchange into tissues/myoglobin
63
Cardiopulmonary System - Heart
4 Chambers:
- L/R atrium
- L/R ventricles
64
Cardiopulmonary System - Parts of the Heart
- Pericardium
- Aorta
- Pulmonary Vein
- Pulmonary Artery
65
Cardiopulmonary System - 4 Boarders of the Heart
1. Superior (top)
2. Inferior (bottom)
3. Medial (middle)
4. Lateral (side)
66
Cardiopulmonary System - Order of Flow
1. R atrium (blood from body)
2. R ventricle - out pulmonary artery to lungs (to get oxygenated)
3. L atrium via pulmonary vein
4. L ventricle
5. Out L ventricle into the body via aorta
67
What is the purpose of the Lymphatic System?
Collect and control interstitial fluid through network of vessels and glands + thymus and spleen
68
Immune Response: Primary
- First time exposure
- Slow
- Takes several weeks
69
Immune Response: Secondary
- Next time exposure
- Quick response
- Memory cells
70
Immune Response: Innate/Nonspecific
- Born with immunity
- No stimulus
71
Immune Response: Acquired/Specific
Developed immunity
72
Immune Response: Naturally acquired (Active)
Exposure
73
Immune Response: Naturally Acquired (Passive)
Breastfeeding
74
Immune Response: Artificially Acquired (Active)
Vaccines
75
Immune Response: Artificially Acquired (Passive)
Antibodies
76
Immune Response: Cellular Immunity
- T cells (made in thymus)
- Lymphocytes (non antibody)
77
Immune Response: Lymphocyte
- Natural killer cells
- Target cancer
78
Immune Response: Cytotoxic T Cells
Secrete chemicals to punch holes in harmful cells
79
Immune Response: Humoral Immunity
- B cells (made in bone marrow)
- Lymphocytes oversee immune response
80
Immune Response: Helper T Cells
Increase antibody and B cell formation
81
Immune Response: Memory T Cells
Recognize threats
82
Inflammation Response
- Fever + WBC
- Neutrophils/monocytes - phagocytosis
83
Antibodies: IgA
Prevent pathogens from entering body (found in breastmilk, tears, saliva, mucus)
84
Antibodies: IgD
Controls activity (cell membrane of B cells)
85
Antibodies: IgE
Prevents parasites from entering body (found with IgA) (also allergies)
86
Antibodies: IgG
Made by liver (found in blood - most prevalent antibody, can cross placenta)
87
Antibodies: IgM
Incompatible blood cells, food, bacteria (cannot cross placenta)
88
What is another name for Immunoglobulins?
Gamma Globulins
89
Digestive System: Alimentary Tract
Path from mouth to bum
90
Digestive System: Organs
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small/Large intestine
- Rectum
- Anal Canal
91
Digestive System: Accessories
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
92
Digestive System: Functions
- Ingestion (taking in food)
- Secretion (saliva, water, acids, enzymes)
- Mixing and Propulsion (peristalsis)
- Digestion (mechanical & chemical)
- Absorption (into the blood and lymph)
- Defecation (waste removal)
93
Digestive System - Enzymes: Lingual Lipase
Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids
94
Digestive System - Enzymes: Pepsinogen
- Secreted by chief cells
- Breaks down proteins with the help of stomach acid
95
Digestive System - Enzymes: Hydrochloric Acid
- Secreted by parietal cells
- Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
96
Digestive System - Enzymes: Intrinsic Factor
- Secreted by parietal cells
- Absorbs vitamin B12
97
Digestive System - Hormones: Gastrin
Produced by the stomach to turn the gastric glands on
98
Digestive System - Hormones: Cholecystokinin
Produced by the small intestine to turn the gastric glands off
99
Digestive System: Liver
- Produces bile to help breakdown fats, carbs and proteins
- Produces albumin and fibrinogen
- Stores glucose as glycogen
- Stores vitamins A, B12, D, E, K
100
Digestive System: Gallbladder
Stores the bile produced by the liver
101
Respiratory System: Upper Respiratory
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Vocal cords
102
Respiratory System: Lower Respiratory
- Trachea
- Lungs
- Bronchial tree
(breathing controlled by medulla oblongata (rhythm and depth) and the pons (rate))
103
Urinary System: Organs
- Kidney
- Bladder
- Urethra
(most important part of the kidneys is the "nephron")
104
Hematopoiesis: Organs
- Bone marrow
- Liver
- Spleen
105
What is "Erythropoietin"?
Hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate production of RBCs
106
Vitamins: B and C
- Water soluble
- Rest are fat soluble
107
Vitamins: A
- Essential for skin
- Bone and tooth development
- Photoreceptors in the eye
108
Vitamins: A Deficiency
Night blindness
109
Vitamins: B2
- Riboflavin
- Coenzyme for carb/protein metabolism
110
Vitamins: B3
- Niacin
- Metabolic reactions
111
Vitamins: B6
- Pyridoxine
- Coenzyme
112
Vitamins: B9
- Folic Acid
- Essential for nervous system
113
Vitamins: B12
- Cobalamin
- Coenzyme for RBC formation
114
Vitamins: C
- Antioxidant
- Wound healing
- Synthesis of collagen
- Coenzyme
115
Vitamins: D
Absorption of calcium and phosphorus
116
Vitamins: E
- Antioxidant
- RBC
- DNA
- RNA formation
- Nervous function
117
Vitamins: K
Blood clotting
118
Minerals: Calcium
- Most abundant to the body
- Nerve transmission
- Muscle activity
- Cellular activity
- Blood clotting
119
Minerals: Phosphorus
- Bones and teeth
- Buffers pH
- Production of ATP
120
Minerals: Potassium
- Most abundant cation in extracellular fluid
- Nerve transmission
121
Minerals: Sulfur
- Production of ATP
- Part of several hormones and vitamins
122
Minerals: Sodium
Essential for action potential and water regulation
123
Minerals: Chloride
- Part of HCI stomach acid
- Buffers pH and water regulation
124
Minerals: Iron
Important for hemoglobin
125
Minerals: Iodide
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
126
Minerals: Cobalt
Important component of B12
127
Minerals: Chromium
Insulin activity
128
Minerals: Copper
Coenzyme in synthesis of hemoglobin
129
Minerals: Fluoride
Bones and teeth
130
Minerals: Magnesium
Coenzyme for muscle and nervous tissue
131
Minerals: Zinc
- Sensation of taste
- Wound healing
- Other metabolic reactions
132
Minerals: Manganese
- Metabolic function
- Hemoglobin synthesis
- Urea formation
133
Minerals: Selenium
- Antioxidant
- Prevention of coronary artery disease and prostate cancer
134
Assorted Terms: Post Prandial
After eating:
ex. 2hrsPP - tell patient to come back 2 hours after eating
135
Assorted Terms: Pyrexia
Fever
136
Assorted Terms: Spleen
Removes old RBCs
137
Assorted Terms: Fibrocartilage
Spinal cartilage
138
Assorted Terms: Hyaline Cartilage
Trachea cartilage
139
Types of Isolations and PPE: Enteric
- Infectious agents passed from fecal contact
- Prevents direct/indirect touch of fecal contaminants
Gloves, Handwashing
140
Types of Isolations and PPE: Contact
- Infectious agents passed from wound contact
- Prevents direct/indirect touch of wound contaminants
Gloves, Handwashing
141
Types of Isolations and PPE: Respiratory or Airborne
- Infectious agents passed from regular breathing
- Prevents inhalation of airborne pathogens
Gloves, Mask
142
Types of Isolations and PPE: Droplet
- Infectious agents passed from droplets through coughing or sneezing
- Prevents inhalation of particles hanging in the air or touching droplets that have landed on surface or cloth
Gloves, Mask
143
Types of Isolations and PPE: Strict
Very high level of risk/suspected risk
144
Types of Isolations and PPE: Reverse
Isolating a immunocompromised patient from possible pathogens from visitors or staff
Gloves, Mask
145
When do we have Serous Membranes? Where?
- Early embryonic life
- Outer lining; organs, body cavities (abdomen, chest, stomach)
146
Organelles of the Cell/Function: Nuclei
Stores genetic information
147
Organelles of the Cell/Function: Mitochondria
Produce chemical energy
147
Organelles of the Cell/Function: Ribosomes
Assemble proteins
148
Organelles of the Cell/Function: Lysosomes
"Suicide bags"
Has hydrolytic enzymes stores in them
149
Arteries vs Veins: Arteries
- Carries oxygenated blood from heart to tissues
- Deeper than veins
- More muscular
- Transports blood under higher pressure
- Transports blood in pulses
- No valves
150
Arteries vs Veins: Veins
- Carries deoxygenated blood from tissues to heart
- Found closer to the skin
- Transports blood under lower pressure
- Transports blood smoothly
- Has valves
- Less muscular
151
Where is Progesterone Produced?
- Adrenal glands
- Gonads
152
Where is TSH produced?
- TSH - Peptide hormone
- Produced by anterior pituitary
153
Name the 4 Tropic Hormones
1. FSH - Follicle-stimulating hormone
2. LH - Luteinizing hormone
3. ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
4. TSH - Thyroid-stimulating hormone
154
Why do we need Insulin?
Decreases blood sugar levels
155
Why do we need Glucagon?
Increases blood sugar levels
156
What are the two parts of the eye which refracts rays?
- Cornea
- Eye-lens
157
Name the 6 Mitosis Phases
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase - Chromatids line up at center of cell
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokinesis
158
What do Ion pumps do in the cell membrane?
- Uses ATP hydrolysis energy; transfers ions from one side to another
- Moves against their electrochemical gradient
159
End product of Mitosis/Meiosis: Mitosis
- Two identical daughter cells
- Produces new cells
160
End product of Mitosis/Meiosis: Meiosis
Produces new sex cells
161
What is Microglia?
Cells of brain regulate brain development, maintenance or neuronal networks
162
What is Astrocyte?
- Large star-shaped cell
- Holds cells in place
- Helps cells develop and work
163
What is Oligodendrocyte?
- Similar to astrocyte
- Fewer protuberances
- Production of myelin in central nervous system
164
What is Schwann Cell?
- Type of glial cell of peripheral nervous system
- Helps separate and insulate nerve cells
165
What are Osteocytes?
Bone cell formed when osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix if secreted
166
What are Chondrocytes?
Cells that's secreted the matrix of cartilage and becomes embedded
167
Structure of the Long Bone (Epiphysis)
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
- Metaphysis
- Articular cartilage
- Periosteum
- Medullary cavity
- Endosteum
168
Chemical Bonds: Ionic Bond
Electrostatic attraction between two atoms
169
Chemical Bonds: Covalent Bond
Chemical bond where two or more atoms share one or more electron pairs
170
Chemical Bonds: Hydrogen Bond
Dipole-dipole attraction between molecules
171
Examples of Homeostasis
- Temperature regulation
- Healthy blood pressure maintenance
- Calcium level maintenance
- Water level regulation
- Defending against viruses and bacteria
172
What part of they eye is responsible for Colour Vision?
Retina (cones)
173
What part of the eye is responsible for Night Vision?
Rods
174
Influence of Cells: Isotonic
No net movement of water
175
Influence of Cells: Hypertonic
Shrivel and die by a process known as "plasmolysis"
176
Influence of Cells: Hypotonic
Swell and expand; cytolysis
177
Ossicles of the Ear (in order from outer to inner)
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Staples
178
How does Nerve Impulse happen?
When a neuron receives a chemical stimulus:
- Sodium (Na) ions; flow in, causing action potential
- Potassium (K) ions; flow out, resting potential
