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MLPAO/CSMLS Study > Clinical Microbiology > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Virus?

A
  • Noncellular
  • May not be living
  • Contains DNA & RNA + Protein coat
  • No independent reproduction
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2
Q

What is Bacteria?

A
  • Prokaryotic microbes
  • Unicellular
  • Pore size
  • Reproduced with binary fission
  • Live independently in soil, water, plants, etc..
  • Normal flora in humans
  • Cause disease
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3
Q

Fungi, Yeasts, Molds has?

A

Hyphae (fuzz)

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4
Q

What is “Protozoa and Amoeba”

A
  • Mostly single celled
  • Eukaryotic
  • Can be free living or in human hosts
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5
Q

What is Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Spirochetes?

A

Can adapt inside the human body

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6
Q

Structures: Capsule

A
  • Slime layer
  • Makes phagocytosis harder (WBC defense)
  • Increases virulence
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7
Q

Structures: Cell Wall

A

Contains peptidoglycan (gram+, gram-)

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8
Q

Structures: Flagella

A

Motility

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8
Q

Structures: Plasmid

A
  • Extra set of external circle DNA
  • Allows microorganism to replicate independently (antibiotic resistance)
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9
Q

Temperature Classifications: Cold to Hot

A
  • Cryophiles
  • Psychrotrophs
  • Mesophiles
  • Thermophiles
  • Hyperthermophlies
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10
Q

Gas Classifications: Obligate

A

Specific conditions

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11
Q

Gas Classifications: Facultative

A

Flexible conditions

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12
Q

Temperature Classifications: Aerobic

A

Needs O2

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13
Q

Temperature Classifications: Anaerobic

A

Doesn’t need O2

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14
Q

Temperature Classifications: Microaerophilic

A

Low O2 (campylobacter)

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15
Q

Temperature Classifications: Capnophile

A

Needs CO2

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16
Q

Temperature Classifications: Facultative Anaerobe

A

Prefers O2; can survive without

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17
Q

Temperature Classifications: Fastidious

A

Requires specific nutrition

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18
Q

Media: Thioglycollate Broth

A

Allows bacteria to choose it’s own conditions to tell you if it’s aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic etc.

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19
Q

Media: Blood Agar

A
  • Enriched
  • Non selective
  • Differentiates hemolytic reactions (THROAT SWAB)
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20
Q

Media: Chocolate Agar

A

Enriched for fastidious organisms

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21
Q

Media: Thayer Martin

A
  • Selective
  • Contains antibiotics to isolate for neisseria
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22
Q

Media: Modified Thayer Martin

A
  • Selective
  • Additional antibiotic to inhibit proteus
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23
Q

Media: Macconkey

A
  • Selective for gram-
  • Differential for lactose fermenters
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24
Media: Salmonella Shigella
- Selective for salmonella, shigella - Differential lactose fermenter
25
Media: Sodium Thiosulphate
- Selective for salmonella, shigella - Differential sulphur reducers
26
Media: Hektoen Enteric Agar
- Selective for gram- - Differential sulphur reducers
27
Media: Phenylethyl Agar (PEA)
Selective for gram+
28
Media: CLED Agar
Differential for urinary microbes
29
Media: Sheep Blood Agar
Heated to 75-80C to make chocolate agar
30
Catalase Test
- Hydrogen peroxide bubbles - Differentiates staph and strep (+staph, -strep)
31
Coagulase Test
- s.auerus produces coagulase - (+staph aureus, -another staph)
32
Incubation: Aerobic
- Upside down - 35C ~ 24-48hrs (35C mimics temp of human host)
33
Incubation: Anaerobic - Gaspak Jar
Catalyst combines with residual oxygen with hydrogen to make water, removing oxygen
34
Incubation: Anaerobic - Candle Jar
- Candle burns remaining oxygen - Creating reduced O2 - Increased CO2 environment - 5%
35
Incubation: Anaerobic - Campypak
Requires 42C
36
Microbe Shapes: Coccus
- Sphere, ball - Cluster = staphylo - Chain = Strepo
37
Microbe Shapes: Bacillus
- Rod - Single, pair, chain, random (endospores)
38
Microbe Shapes: Spiral
- Coil - Motile
39
Staining: Positive Stain
Cells stained
40
Staining: Negative Stain
Background stained (India ink)
41
Staining: Differential Stain
- Gram stain - Acid Fast stain
42
Gram Stain: Chemicals
Crystal violet - iodine - acetone - safranin
43
What does Gram+ Peptidoglycan do?
Traps crystal violet inside, making it purple
44
What does Gram- Peptidoglycan do?
Crystal violet gets flushed out; safranin dyes it pink
45
Blue Stain used in Acid Fast Stain (Ziehl-neelson)
Carbol-fuchsin/methylene blue
46
Kirby Bauer Test for Antibiotic Susceptibility
Muller Hinton Agar: - Streak lawn - Add antibiotic discs - incubate - Measure zone of inhibition
47
Swabs: Sterile
- Blood - Body fluids - Tissues - Bone marrow
48
Swabs: Non-sterile
- Throat - Skin - Wound - Feces
49
Swabs: Wounds
Deep = anaerobic Surface = aerobic
50
Swabs: GI (Gastrointestinal)
- Gram-like Enterobacteriaceae - Salmonella, shigella - Campylobacter - E. Coli
51
Swabs: V Swab
Polyester Tip: - Cotton toxic to gonorrhea - Wooden stick toxic to chlamydia
52
Swabs: Names
- Amie's transport media - Stuart's transport media - Cary-Blair transport media (GI parasites)
53
Inoculating Plates
- Start with non-selective - Move towards selective - ANA, BA, CA, Mac
54
UTI - Clean Catch Specimen: Normal Range
100 - 1000 colony forming
55
UTI - Clean Catch Specimen: Contaminated
- More than 1000 - Less than 10,000
56
UTI - Clean Catch Specimen: UTI
10,000 - 100,000+
57
Mycology: Mycoplasma
Does not have cell wall
58
Mycobacterium Stains: Acridine Orange
Confirms bacteria in blood (then gram stained)
59
Mycobacterium Stains: Auramine-Rhodamine
Acid fast mycobacterium (mycolic acid has affinity for stain)
60
PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction: Step 1
Denaturation: - Break down DNA double helix @ 94C
61
PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction: Step 2
Annealing/Priming: - Small fragments of new DNA strands built @ 55-65C
62
PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction: Step 3
Extensions: - Enzyme; polymerase catalyzes new strands @ 72C
63
RNA Virus
RNA must be built into DNA before denaturation step can take place
64
Assorted Terminology from Review: Thermolabile
Sensitive to heat; damaged by heat
65
Assorted Terminology from Review: EDC or EDD
Medical acronym for pregnancy due date
66
Assorted Terminology from Review: TLV
Threshold Limit Value
67
Assorted Terminology from Review: Fomite
Inanimate object; can be contaminated with infectious agent
68
Gram's Staining Steps
1. Heat fix 2. Primary stain - Crystal violet; 1 min 3. Rinse with water; back of slide 4. Mordant - iodine; 1 min 5. Rinse with water; back of slide 6. Decolorizer - Acetone alcohol; 3-5 sec 7. Rinse with water; back of slide 8. Counterstain - Safranin; 1 min 9. Rinse with water; back of slide 10. Anaerobes/aerobes
69
Gram Staining Results if Steps Missed
Pink = Negative Blue = Positive
70
Zeihl-Neilson Staining Steps
1. Heat fix 2. Flood slide; Carbol Fuchsin 3. Heat slide slowly; maintain steam; 5 min 4. Rinse with water; back of slide 5. Flood slide; 3% acid-alcohol; 5 mins; allow to decolorize 6. Rinse with water; back of slide 7. Flood slide; methylene blue; 1 min 8. Rinse with water; back of slide
71
Human Virus Size
20-200 nm; diameter
72
Bacteria Virus Size
2-3 um; length
73
What Causes Strep Throat?
Group A Streptococcus: - Spread through contact with droplets with infected person
74
Culture Media: Alpha-Hemolysis
- Damaged RBC in blood (not lysis) - Media translucent; green-ish tinge around colonies
75
Culture Media: Beta-Hemolysis
- Lysis of RBC - Media looks completely transparent around colonies
76
Rickettsia: Found in
- Ticks - Lice - Fleas - Mites - Chiggers - Mammals
77
What is Saponin?
- Detergent-like substances showing antibacterial - Anticancer potential
78
How to do Lake Staining?
Dye + Mordant
79
What causes results of Gram Staining?
Gram positive = Higher peptidoglycan Gram negative = Higher lipid
80
Agar melts around what Temperature?
85C
81
Agar Solidifies around what Temperature?
34-42C

MLPAO/CSMLS Study (13 decks)

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