Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Reflex arcs

Answer 1

use the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

Question 2

CNS (central nervous system)

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

cranial nerves and spinal nerves (SOMATIC + AUTOMATIC)

Question 3

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Enables voluntary actions to be undertaken due to its control of skeletal muscles and sensory perception.

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

Question 4

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Answer 4

cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, & medulla oblongata

Question 5

midbrain (mesencephalon)

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Answer 5

superior and inferior colliculi

cerebrum & diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

Question 6

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Answer 6

shows brain’s electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp

Question 7

rCBF (regional cerebral blood flow)

Answer 7

Maps neural activity based on blood flow (inhaling harmless radioactive gas to measure.

Question 8

CT scan

Answer 8

series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

Question 9

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

Answer 9

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Question 10

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 10

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

Question 11

fMRI (functional MRI)

Answer 11

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

Question 12

Thalamus

Answer 12

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex (sensory)

Question 13

Hypothalamus

Answer 13

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Question 14

posterior pituitary

Answer 14

hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus release site

Question 15

basal ganglia

Answer 15

movement steady and smooth, damage can cause parkinson disease

Question 16

limbic system

Answer 16

septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, cortex

Question 17

septal nuclei

Answer 17

involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking behavior, and addiction

Question 18

fornix

Answer 18

a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

Question 19

Anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 19

A brain structure known to play a crucial role in detecting and resolving conflicts among different brain systems.

Question 20

frontal lobe

Answer 20

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Question 21

parietal lobe

Answer 21

spatial location, attention, motor control, touch

Question 22

occipital lobe

Answer 22

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Question 23

temporal lobe

Answer 23

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Question 24

Dominant Hemisphere

Answer 24

the side of the brain that provides analytic, language, logic, and math skills; in most individuals, the left hemisphere

Question 25

Acetylcholine

Answer 25

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Question 26

Nondominant Hemisphere

Answer 26

The side of the brain associated with sensitivity to the emotional tone of language, intuition, creativity, music, and spatial processing; in most individuals, the right hemisphere.

Question 27

Dopamine

Answer 27

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. Depleting causes schizo and Parkinson

Question 28

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and Glycine

Answer 28

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter (hyperpolarization)

Question 29

Serotonin

Answer 29

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Question 30

Glutmamate

Answer 30

Excititory Neurotransmitter

Question 31

Neuropeptides

Answer 31

Brain chemicals, such as enkephalins and endorphins, that regulate the activity of neurons (long-lasting; painkilling)

Question 32

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 32

blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 33

adrenal cortex

Answer 33

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

Question 34

family studies

Answer 34

researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait

Question 35

adoption studies

Answer 35

assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents

Question 36

Twin Studies

Answer 36

researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait

Question 37

Neurulation

Answer 37

ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by two neural folds

Question 38

Neural Crest

Answer 38

Ectoderm cells spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues

Question 39

Neural Tube

Answer 39

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

Question 40

rooting reflex

Answer 40

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

Question 41

Moro reflex

Answer 41

Reflex in which a newborn stretches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment (falling sensation)

Question 42

Babinski reflex

Answer 42

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched

Question 43

Grasping

Answer 43

an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

Question 44

motor development

Answer 44

gross --> fine ; head --> toe ; core --> periphery

Question 45

Social Development

Answer 45

parent --> self --> other