Motivation, Emotion, Stress

Question 1

Extrinsic Motivation and Example

Answer 1

Rewards or punishment avoiding for showing desired behavior. (Studying for MCAT = 528)

Question 2

Intrinsic Motivation and Example

Answer 2

Interest in a task or pure enjoyment in (I love science)

Question 3

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation relationship

Answer 3

Intrinsic motivation is better and longer lasting. Extrinsic motivation can also reduce an intrinsic motivation in something.

Question 4

Instinct Theory

Answer 4

Evolutionary programmed instincts can cause certain motivations. (Innate fixed pattern)

Question 5

Arousal Theory and Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 5

Behaviors are motivated to optimal arousal. Optimal arousal is a U-shape where best at intermediate. (Lower good for cognitive, higher good for physical activities) (simple lower, complex higher)

Question 6

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 6

Behaviors are motivated to reduce drive within ourselves (internal tension)

Question 7

Primary and Secondary Drives

Answer 7

Primary drive: homeostasis procedures (negative feedback)

Secondary drive: Learned drives and emotions

Question 8

Primary and Secondary Needs

Answer 8

Primary needs: physiological needs

Secondary needs: mental states like a desire for power, achievement, or social belonging.

Question 9

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 9

Five groups (physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization) that must be satisfied in order before moving onto next priority.

Question 10

Self-Determination Theory

Answer 10

Three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. These must be met to have healthy relationships with oneself and others.

Question 11

Incentive Theory

Answer 11

Behavior is incentivized by rewards/avoiding punishments.

Question 12

Expectancy-value Theory

Answer 12

Amount of motivation = individual’s expectations of success + degree of how much he values it.

Question 13

Biological - Sociocultural Standards of Motivation

Answer 13

Eating affected by biological processes as well as sociocultural factors (weight gain/loss, aesthetic, culture of eating etc) Drugs affected by socioeconomic etc.

Question 14

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 14

Body tries to counteract drug by building tolerance (decreased arousal to stimulant ex.) this causes withdrawal –> physical dependence on drug

Question 15

Sexual motivation

Answer 15

Affected by physiological reactions (hormones) (same in men and women), cognition, and cultural and social factors.

Question 16

Three Elements of Emotion

Answer 16

1. Physiological Response (ANS) 2. Behavioral Response 3. Cognitive Response

Question 17

Universal Emotions

Answer 17

Happiness, Sadness, Surprised, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Fear – supports an evolutionary perspective where facial expression is universally recognized.

Question 18

Evolutionary Perspective of Emotions

Answer 18

Emotion is a functional program for dealing with problems, different emotions evolved throughout history.

Question 19

James-Lange Theory and Example

Answer 19

1. Physiological Response -> 2. Emotion (ex. decreased ANS would lead to decreased emotion?)

Question 20

Cannon-Bard Theory and Example

Answer 20

1. Simultaneous Physiological response and emotion 2. Behavior (ex. snake evokes afraid and heart race)

Question 21

Vagus Nerve

Answer 21

Nerve that connects peripheral organs back to CNS (some feedback loop communication)

Question 22

Schacter-Singer Theory and Example

Answer 22

1. Appraisal of Physiological response (sourcing) 2. Emotion (ex. epinephrine injection and TV)

Question 23

Limbic System and Structures

Answer 23

Set of structures that involve emotions and motivation

1. Hypothalamus
2. Amygdala
3. Thalamus
4. Hippocampus (HAT Hippo)
5. Cerebral cortex and others

Question 24

Amygdala (Emotions)

Answer 24

Process environment and detects surroundings for emotion. Fear and human emotion via facial expression.

Question 25

Thalamus

Answer 25

Sensory switch board that routes sensory information

Question 26

Hypothalamus

Answer 26

Synthesize hormones and neurotransmitters to regulate the ANS

Question 27

Hippocampus

Answer 27

Forms memory (emotional memories)

Question 28

Implicit and Explicit Memory of Emotion

Answer 28

Implicit Memory is the emotional memory (feeling the emotion again in similar situation) Explicit memory is the story of emotional experience.

Question 29

Right vs Left Lobe for interpretations

Answer 29

Left is + emotions, right is - emotions (prefrontal cortex) | Right more responsible for facial expression (temporal lobe)

Question 30

Prefrontal cortex and the different portions

Answer 30

Dorsal - attention and cognition Ventral - connection with emotion areas of brain Ventromedial - decision making and emotional control

Question 31

Cognitive Appraisal (Primary and Secondary)

Answer 31

Primary: determining if the threat is irrelevant, positive, or harmful Secondary: if harmful, seeing if the organism can deal with the threat (initial harm, overtime threat, overcoming the challenge)

Question 32

Reappraisal

Answer 32

Constant appraising to certain situations such as being stalked.

Question 33

Types of Stressors

Answer 33

1. Environmental 2. Daily events 3. Workplace/Academics 4. Social Expectations 5. Chemical/Biological 6. Ambient

Question 34

Distress/Eustress

Answer 34

1. Distress - unpleasant stressor | 2. Eustress - positively-perceived stressor (a challenge)

Question 35

Social Readjustment rating scale

Answer 35

Lifestyle changes leads to stress (can be measured by "life change units"

Question 36

Psychological factors that affect Stress

Answer 36

1. Control over situation 2. Predictability o the results 3. Frustration 4. Conflict (approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance)

Question 37

Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (Physiological)

Answer 37

1. Alarm - initial response SNS arousal + cortisol by CRF -> ACTH -> cortisol 2. Resistance - continuous hormone release cause engagement to fighting stressor 3. Exhaustion - body cannot maintain elevated and susceptible to damage and deterioration.

Question 38

Mental and Behavioral Response to Stress

Answer 38

Depression, anxiety, withdrawal from social situations, moody, tense, irritable. More prone to disorders

Question 39

Coping Stratagies

Answer 39

1. Problem-Focused: dealing with the stressor 2. Emotion-focused: changing perspective about stressor 3. Negative ways: drug and alcohol 4. Lifestyle: exercise and meditation