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yr 10 Biology > Biology B3 > Flashcards

Biology B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

communicable disease

A

one that can be dpread between individuals

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2
Q

non- communicable disease

A

one that cannot be spread between individuals

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3
Q

pathogen

A

micro-organsims that causes diseases

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells that can cause illness by releasing toxins

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5
Q

Virus

A

non- living pathogen that invades body cells eventually bursting them. much smaller than bacteria

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6
Q

Fungus

A

Eukaryotic organisms that do no not photosynthesise so in some ways are more closely linked to animals than plants

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7
Q

Protists

A

Microscopic unicellular eukaryotic organisms. the parastatic disease that they cause can be life threating. Malaria is caused by a protist; mosquitoes are the vectors.
They become infected when they feed on an infected
animal. The protist is inserted into the blood vessel.
Malaria can cause fever and it can also be fatal.

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8
Q

vector

A

organism that carries the disease e.g. the mosquito carrying the malaria protists

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9
Q

good hygeine

A

a way of reducing or preventing the spread of a pathogen

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10
Q

antisptics

A

chemicals that kill micro- organisms

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11
Q

non- specific defence system

A

parts of the body that try to prevent pathogen entry

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12
Q

immune system

A

how the body tries to destroy pathogens that have go past the non- specific defenses

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13
Q

white blood cells

A

cells of the immune system- phagocytes and lymphocytes with have different functions

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14
Q

antigen

A

proteins on the surface of pathogens that trigger a specific immune response

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15
Q

antibody

A

released by lymphocytes, bind to pathogens and cause the, to stick together so phagocytes can destroy them

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16
Q

antitoxin

A

these bind to the toxins made by bacterua and neutralise them. They are also highly specific

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17
Q

Phagocytes

A

white blood cell that engulf anf digest pathogens. Non- specific

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18
Q

Immunity

A

when you have memory white blood cells circulating that can produce antibodies quickly upon re-infection

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19
Q

Vaccination

A

A way of becoming immune artifically

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20
Q

specific

A

will only bind to one type of pathogen or toxin

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21
Q

antibiotics

A

used to cure bacterial diseases by killing the bacteria that makes us ill

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22
Q

Painkillers

A

relieve pain but fo not combat the pathogen itself

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23
Q

pre- clinical testing

A

the drug is tested on isolated cells and tissues to check it is not toxic. Then isn checked on animals again for toxicity and also efficacy

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24
Q

Clinical testing

A

the drug is tested on healthy volunteers in a very low dose to confirm the safety. Then the drug is given to volunteers suffering from the disease to determine the exact dose needed.

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25
Placebo
A fake drug given to the control group so you can compare the results to the group that have actual drug
26
what are some examples of pathogens that cause communicable disease?
Bacteria, viruses, fungus and protozoa
27
what are some examples of non- communicable diseases?
Arthitis and heart attacks
28
how can pathogens be spread?
Direct contact, by water or by air
29
How do bacteria and viruses differ in making us ill?
Bacteria produces toxins and viruses invade cells, eventually destroying them
30
what are symptomns of the 3 viral disease you need to know?
Measles- fever and red skin rash HIV- flu-like illness potentially leading to AIDS TMV- discolouration of leaves
31
what are the symtomns of the 2 bacterual diseases you need to know about?
salminealla - fever, abdomunal, cramps, vmiting, diarrhoea gonorrhoea - thick yellow or green discharge from genitals and pain when urinating
32
what is rose black spot?
A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photysenthesis is reduced.
33
How can malaria be prevented?
Preventing the vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
34
How can pathogens spread be reduced?
hand washing, wearing a mask, isolation, destruction of vectors, being hygeinic, antiseptics
35
How can white blood cells destroy pathogens?
Lymphocytes produce highly specific antibodies and anti- toxins and phagocytes preform phagocytosis
36
How does vaccination work?
Dead or inactive pathogen is put into the body which triggeers lymphocyted to produce antibodies. Memory lymphocytes remain which can produce antibodies quickly if re-infected.
37
How does herd immunity work?
Your vaccination the majority of the population which prevents te spread of diseases as there are not enough hosts to carry the disease to the vunerable place
38
Why do antibodies not treat viral infections?
this is becauses viruses invade our cells and antibiotics don't harm human cells
39
what drugs have been extracted from plants and microorganisms?
Digitalis from the foxglove, aspiring from willow and penicillin from mould
40
what are new drugs tested for?
toxicity, efficacy and dose
41
How does a double blind trial work?
Some of the volunteers are given the real drug and others are given a placebo but they don't know which. The doctors running the trial also don't know preventing bias.
42
Why is peer review of clinical trial results important?
Other scientists scrunitise the results and repeat some of the trials to confirm the results ensuring that the first lot didn't make it up.
43
what is being hygeinic?
washing hands thorougly
44
what is destroying vecotors?
killing vectors by using insectides or destroying their habitat
45
what is isolation?
isolating an infected person will prevent the spread
46
what is vaccination?
people cannot develop the infection and then pass it on
47
name two ions found in soil
nitrates and magnesium
48
what happens if a plant does not have enough nitrates
stunted growth
49
what happens if a plant does not have enough magnesium
yellow leaves
50
common signs of plant diseases
stunted growth, spots on the leaves, patches of decay, abnormalgrowth, malformed stems or leaves and discolouration
51
what defenses fo plants have to stop pathogens?
physical, chemical and mechanical
52
what is the physical defense plants have against pathogens?
waxy cuticle, cell walls, layer of dead cells
53
what is the mechanical defense plants have against pathogens?
thorns, hairs, leaves that droop or curl and some plants can mimic other organisms
54
how does the human defence system protect from pathogens?
1. skin 2. hairs and mucus 3. trachea and bronchi 4. stomach
55
how does the skin protect against pathogens?
acts as a barrier
56
how does the hair and mucus protect against pathogens?
in the nose it traps the particles
57
how does the trachea and bonchri protect against pathogens?
secrete mucus to trap pathogens. They also have cilia which move backwards and forwards to transport the mucus towards the throat. This traps any pathogens and the mucus is usually swallowed.
58
how does the stomach protect the body against pathogens?
It contains hydrochloric acid to kill any pathogens that enter the body via the mouth
59
what is phagocytosis?
when white blood cells engulf pathogens and then digest them
59
what is the immune system?
it kills any pathogens that enter the body
60
what do the antitoxins do in the white blood cell?
neutralise the toxins
61
what are antibodies?
Pathogens have antigens on their surface. Antibodies produced by the white blood cells lock on to the antigen on the outside of the pathogen. White blood cells can then destroy the pathogens. Antibodies are specific to one antigen and will only work on that pathogen.
62
how does a vaccination work?
A vaccination involves an injection of a dead or weakened version of the pathogen. They carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies which will attack the pathogen. If you are infected again, the white blood cells can produce antibodies quickly.
63
64
what are the pros of vaccination?
- helps to control communicable diseases that used to be very common - epidemics can be avoided
65
what are the cons of vaccination?
- they don't always work - some people can have a bad reaction to a vaccine ( however this is very rare)
66
what drug comes from a willow?
aspirin
67
what plant makes digitalis?
foxglove
68
# clue the mould is called penicillium what drug comes from mould?
penicillin
69
what are monoconal antibodies
these are identical antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
70
what are the uses of monoclonal antibodies for pregnancy testing?
pregnancy testing: HCG hormone is found in the urine of women when preganany if she is not pregnanat there is no HCG meaning that there is nothing to stick to the blue beads on the test strip so it doesn't go blue.
71
what happenswhen you fuse a B lymphocyte fom a mouse with a tumour cell?
It creates a cell called hybridoma which can be cloned. They will produce the same antibodies which can then be collected and purified
72
what are the uses of monoclonal antibodies for treating diseases?
treating diseases: Anti-cancer drugs can be attached to monoclonal antibodies targeting specific cells by binding to the cancer marker. This kills the cancer cells but not the norma body cells
73
what are the uses of monoclonal antibodies for research to find specific substances?
they are used t bind to hormones and chemicals in the blood to measure levels. Also used in blood tests for pathogens and locating molecules on a cell or in tissue
74
what are the problems of monoclonal antibodies?
they have more side- effects than originally thought. For example: fever, vomiting, low blood pressure. They are not used by doctors as much as was first thought

yr 10 Biology (8 decks)

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