Biology Ch. 1

Question 1

List the core tenants of cell theory

Answer 1

1) All living things are composed of cells
2) The cell is the basic functional unit of life
3) Cells only arise from pre-existing cells
4) Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA

Question 2

Why aren’t viruses alive? List 2 reasons

Answer 2

1) Can’t reproduce

2) Contain RNA instead of DNA as genetic info

Question 3

What is the coding region of DNA?

Answer 3

Genes

Question 4

What is linear DNA wound around?

Answer 4

Histones

Question 5

RNA is synthesized in the ______

Answer 5

Nucleolus

Question 6

Describe the basic functions of the cristae of the mitochondria

Answer 6

Contains the molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain and increases the surface area for the enzymes of the electron transport chain

Question 7

The space between the cristae (inner membrane) and outer membrane of the mitochondria is _______

Answer 7

The intermembrane space

Question 8

Describe how and why the mitochondria is semi-autonomous? How does it replicate?

Answer 8

The mitochondria contains some genetic information independent of the cell and replicates independent of the nucleus via binary fission

Question 9

Define cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance? What organelle undergoes this?

Answer 9

The transmission of genetic material independent of nucleus, undergone by the mitochondria and chloroplasts, or during viral or bacterial infiltration

Question 10

How do lysosomes work with endosomes?

Answer 10

Endosomes transport, package, sort cell material to and from membrane.

Lysosomes usually sequester toxic enzymes brought by endosomes to be degraded, but can release them for apoptosis

Question 11

Define the serial endosymbiosis theory

Answer 11

Membrane bound organelles formed by engulfing of one prokaryote by another

Question 12

List the double membrane bound organelles

Answer 12

1) Mitochondria
2) Nucleus
3) Chloroplast
4) Endoplasmic reticulum
5) Golgi Apparatus

Question 13

Describe the function and structure of the Rough ER

Answer 13

Lined with ribosomes; permit translation of proteins to be secreted in lumen

Question 14

Describe the structure and function of the Smooth ER

Answer 14

Lacking ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification and transports proteins from RER to Golgi Apparatus

Question 15

Briefly describe the function(s) of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

Involved in protein and lipid syntheses, carbohydrate metabolism, drug detoxification, and intracellular transport

Question 16

Briefly describe the function(s) of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 16

Process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

Question 17

Describe the functions and features of peroxisomes

Answer 17

Breakdown fatty acid chains via beta-oxidation and participate in the synthesis of phospholipids using hydrogen peroxide and enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway

Question 18

List the three elements of the cytoskeleton

Answer 18

1) microfilaments
2) microtubules
3) intermediate filaments

Question 19

Microfilaments are made up of ___

Answer 19

Actin rods

Question 20

List the functions and mechanisms of actin rods

Answer 20

1) Use ATP and interactions with myosin to generate movement

2) Contraction of actin filaments forms cleavage furrow

Question 21

Describe the structure of cilia and flagella

Answer 21

9+2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules form the outer ring, 2 center microtubules form the inner ring

Question 22

Centrioles organize ___ during cell division

Answer 22

microtubules

Question 23

List the intermediate filaments

Answer 23

1) Keratin
2) Desmin
3) Vitamin
4) Lamins

Question 24

Describe the function(s) of intermediate filaments

Answer 24

Cell-cell adhesion, maintain cytoskeleton integrity, increase structural rigidity of cell, anchor organelles

Question 25

List the 4 tissue types

Answer 25

1) epithelial 2) connective 3) muscle 4) nervous

Question 26

Describe the function of epithelial tissue

Answer 26

Covers body and lines cavities to prevent against pathogen invasion. Also involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation

Question 27

___ constitutes the parenchyma

Answer 27

Epithelial tissue

Question 28

Nephrons, hepatocytes, and acid producing cells of the stomach are examples of ___ tissue

Answer 28

Epithelial

Question 29

Epithelial cells are: a) polarized or b) unpolarized

Answer 29

A

Question 30

Describe the function of connective tissue

Answer 30

Contribute to stroma, provides framework for epithelial cells, produce and secrete collagen or elastin to form extracellular matrix

Question 31

Name the 2 components that form the extracellular matrix

Answer 31

1) collagen | 2) elastin

Question 32

Collagen and elastin are secreted by ___ tissue

Answer 32

Connective

Question 33

Cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood are all examples of ____ tissue

Answer 33

Connective

Question 34

List the 2 prokaryotic domains

Answer 34

1) archaea | 2) bacteria

Question 35

How is archaea similar to eukarya?

Answer 35

Contains genes, metabolic pathways, and histones

Question 36

Prokaryotes divide via _____

Answer 36

Binary fission

Question 37

List the 3 classification of bacteria

Answer 37

1) spirilli 2) cocci 3) bacilli

Question 38

Define obligate aerobes

Answer 38

Bacteria that need oxygen to metabolize

Question 39

Define obligate anaerobes

Answer 39

Bacteria that produce radicals and die in oxygen

Question 40

Define facultative anaerobes

Answer 40

Bacteria that can use oxygen for aerobic metabolism or use anaerobic metabolism of oxygen is not present

Question 41

Define aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 41

Bacteria that doesn't use oxygen to metabolize but won't die in oxygen

Question 42

List the 2 types of bacterial cell walls and their features

Answer 42

1) gram positive: stain purple, contain high amounts of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid 2) gram negative: stain pink, contain low amounts of peptidoglycan

Question 43

Gram negative bacteria have outer membranes made of ___ and ___

Answer 43

phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

Question 44

Peptidoglycan is made of ___ and ___

Answer 44

Amino acids and sugars

Question 45

Describe the basic function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

Answer 45

Protects the bacteria from the host's immune system

Question 46

Prokaryotes don't have any ____

Answer 46

membrane bound organelles

Question 47

The cell wall and membrane forms the ___ in prokaryotes

Answer 47

envelope

Question 48

Briefly compare the structures of prokaryote and eukaryote flagella

Answer 48

Prokaryote: 3 segments of basal body, hook, and filament Eukaryotes: 9+2 microtubule structure

Question 49

True or false: as plasmids carry external DNA for some prokaryotes, they are consider part of the bacteria's genome

Answer 49

False: this DNA is external and not needed for the prokaryote's survival

Question 50

``` In a prokaryotic cell, the ____ is used for the electron transport chain and ATP generation: A) nucleus B) mitochondria C) cell membrane D) cell wall ```

Answer 50

C

Question 51

Binary fission results in ____

Answer 51

2 identical daughter cells

Question 52

True or false: mitosis is quicker than binary fission?

Answer 52

False; binary fission is quicker than mitosis

Question 53

Define virulence factors

Answer 53

Traits found on plasmids that increase the pathogenicity of plasmids

Question 54

Define and classify episomes

Answer 54

A subset of plasmids that integrate into the bacterial genome

Question 55

List the and describe the recombination processes

Answer 55

1) Transformation: integration of foreign genetic info into the host genome from nearby lysed bacteria 2) Conjugation: sexual reproduction of 2 bacteria 3) Transduction: vectors carry genetic information from one bacterium to another

Question 56

Briefly describe the mechanisms of conjugation in prokaryotic cells

Answer 56

The sexual reproduction of 2 bacteria from the unidirectional transfer of info from the male to female via the conjugation bridge

Question 57

In prokaryotic conjugation, + denotes ____ bacteria while - denotes ____ bacteria

Answer 57

``` + = male - = female ```

Question 58

In prokaryotic conjugation, + bacteria form the conjugation bridge from ____

Answer 58

Sex pili

Question 59

Sex pili on + bacteria are made by _____

Answer 59

Genetic material on sex factors

Question 60

Describe E coli conjugation and the role of sex factors

Answer 60

Cells that do not have the fertility factor (F-) become F+ when already existing F+ cells copy and donate their factors, so that new F+ cells can transfer its own copies

Question 61

Define transposons

Answer 61

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from genomes

Question 62

True or false: transposons are seen with both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Viral genetic info is: 1. a) circular or b) linear 2. a) single stranded or b) double stranded 3. a) DNA or b) RNA

Answer 63

Can be all of the above

Question 64

Define positive sense RNA

Answer 64

Viral RNA that is directly translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the host cell

Question 65

Define negative sense RNA

Answer 65

Viral RNA that utilizes its own RNA strand and RNA replicase to act as the template of the synthesis of a complementary strand, which in turn is the template of protein synthesis

Question 66

Are protein coated or non-protein coated viruses easier to kill?

Answer 66

Protein coated

Question 67

Define virions

Answer 67

Viral progeny

Question 68

Describe the structure of bacteriophages

Answer 68

Capsid, tail sheath to inject info, tail fibers to recognize and connect to host

Question 69

Define retrovirus and name an example

Answer 69

Enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses that carry reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA, which is then integrated into the host nucleus (i.e. HIV)

Question 70

Name 3 ways progeny can be released from a bacteria

Answer 70

Spilling out from the bacteria after cell death, bacterial lysing, extrusion

Question 71

Define the 2 possible cycles of a bacteriophage

Answer 71

1) Lytic: the bacteriophage maximizes the usage of to host, which causes it to lyse 2) Lysogenic: the bacteriophage integrates into the host genome as a provirus/prophage

Question 72

What stage are virulent viruses in?

Answer 72

Lytic phase

Question 73

Define prions and name an example

Answer 73

Proteins that cause protein misfolding, typically in the alpha-helical to beta-pleated sheet, causing protein aggregation; mad cow disease

Question 74

Define viroid and name an example

Answer 74

Pathogens of short, circular single-stranded RNA that binds to RNA sequences and silences genes, preventing protein synthesis; most common in plants, Hepatitis D is a human example