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Biology CH 2: test review Flashcards

Chapter 2 Test Review (84 cards)

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0
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Outer core of a virus is made up of

A

A capsid (determines shape if virus)or even an envelop ( phosolipid)

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1
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Scientist consider viruses non living because they

A

Don’t exhibit all the criteria of life. ( no respiration, grow, or develop) all viruses can do is replicate (making copies) but not without a host cell.

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2
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viral DNA that is integrated into the hosts cells chromosome is called _____.

A

Provirus

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3
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____ cell in which a virus replicates

A

Host cell

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4
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

_____, an enzyme it carries inside the capsid. (helps produce double strand DNA from the viral DNA.

A

Reverse transcriptase

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5
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____ is a small misfolded protein which alters normal protein structures.

A

Prion

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6
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Bursting of a cell____

A

Lysis

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7
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

____ are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium.

A

Viruses

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8
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses may have originated from ___

A

Their host cells

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9
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

_____ “naked” RNA fragments that infect plants

A

Viroid

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10
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses may have evolved with life as

A

Prices of cellular DNA/RNA that became independent and could move cell to cell.

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11
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Measles, Shingles, aids are ____.

A

Lytic

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12
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

HIV

  1. specific for_____
  2. is a ______
A

White blood cells

Retrovirus

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13
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Lytic cycles steps are

A

Attachment, entry (inject nucleic acid), replication , assembly, lysis and release, again….

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14
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Outer protein coat …

A

Capsid

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15
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

A virus that infects a bacterium is called a ____

A

Bacteriophage

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16
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses infect ___ ______

A

All organisms

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17
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Lysogenic cycle steps are

A

Attachment, entry, provirus formation(provirus become part of host chromosome), cell division (hides in chromosome)…. Lytic

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18
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Herpes, chicken pox, and cold sores are ______

A

Lysogenic

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19
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

What is the active transport process by which material are expelled from a cell, releases new viruses from the host cell.

A

Exocytosis

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20
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Inner for of a virus is made up of

A

Nucleic acid ( RNA or DNA) aka genetic material ( instructions for making copies)

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21
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

The RNA virus with the most comples replication cycles is the ___

A

Retrovirus

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22
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Viruses named after

A

The disease they cause , or the organ or tissue they affect.

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23
Q

Chapter 2 Test Review

Botulism is caused by endospores of c.botulism that have

  • been killed
  • produced toxins
  • germinated
  • reproduced
A

Produced toxins

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24
# Chapter 2 Test Review Characteristics of mycoplasma
Lack of cell wall, some cause diseases and are resistant to penicillin, antibiotics are useless because they target the cell wall.
25
# Chapter 2 Test Review Chemo synthetic autotrophs
organic molecules make food, get energy from inorganic compounds( sulfur and nitrogen) through chemosynthesis
26
# Chapter 2 Test Review Groups of archaebacteria
Thermoacidophiles, halophiles, methanogens
27
# Chapter 2 Test Review Characteristics of bacteria
Prokaryotic, micro-microscopic, unicellular, no membrane bound organelles, contain DNA, reproduce asexually (binary fission) (cloning) found EVERYWHERE
28
# Chapter 2 Test Review Scientist think the first bacteria on earth were ... - aerobic - anaerobic - fatal - oxygen-dependent
Anaerobic
29
# Chapter 2 Test Review Gram positive characteristics
Thick peptidoglycan walls, some are sources of antibiotics and some are used in food production. ( yogurt)
30
# Chapter 2 Test Review Prokaryotic characteristics
No membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, smallest type of a cell, least complex, unicellular, can't be seen under a microscope
31
# Chapter 2 Test Review ____the basic units of living organisms. Two categories of cells _______, and _______
Cells; eubacteria, prokaryotic
32
# Chapter 2 Test Review Bacteria = _______
Prokaryotic
33
# Chapter 2 Test Review Similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
1) Enclosed by plasma membranes. 2) Contain ribosomes. 3) Have DNA. 4) Filled with cytoplasm.
34
# Chapter 2 Test Review Bacteria that are obligate anaerobes release energy from food by... - cellular respiration -using oxygen - using nitrogen. - fermentation
Cellular respiration
35
# Chapter 2 Test Review Binary fission or conjugation | -Two identical cells are produced
Binary fission
36
# Chapter 2 Test Review Nitrogen is important to all organisms to produce ...
Proteins, ATP, DNA
37
# Chapter 2 Test Review Bacteria are not used to make - vinegar - jams - cheese - yogurt
Jams
38
# Chapter 2 Test Review Cell theory
1.all known living things are made up of one or more cells.2. The cell is the basis if structural and functional unit of all living things.3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
39
# Chapter 2 Test Review 3 major groups defined by
Their cell wall | Mycoplasma, gram positive, gram negative
40
# Chapter 2 Test Review Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
1. ) size ( prokaryote smaller) 2. ) organelles (p=no, e= yes) 3. ) nucleus (p=no, e= yes)
41
# Chapter 2 Test Review Thermoacidophiles characteristics
Hot acidic habitats,enzymes still work in high temps.
42
# Chapter 2 Test Review Heterotrophs
Eubacteria that live almost anywhere and use organic molecules as their food source . Parasites obtain n from living org. Saprophytes feed off dead/organic waste.
43
# Chapter 2 Test Review Binary fission or conjugation | -Sexual reproduction occurs
Neither
44
# Chapter 2 Test Review Binary fission or conjugation | -genetic material is transferred through a pilus
Conjugation
45
# Chapter 2 Test Review Anaerobes
Killed by oxygen
46
# Chapter 2 Test Review Binary fission or conjugation | - bacterium with new genetic makeup is produced.
Conjugation
47
# Chapter 2 Test Review Gram negative
``` Lighter color (pink) because they have thin peptidoglycan walls Responsible for O2 in air. ```
48
# Chapter 2 Test Review Methanogens characteristics
Chemotrophs, anaerobic, produce methane ( sewage disposal plants, marshes, digestive tract of cow.
49
# Chapter 2 Test Review Examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Bacteria,?
50
# Chapter 2 Test Review Eubacteria and archae similarities
Both prokaryotic, get nutrition through wastes.
51
# Chapter 2 Test Review Archaebacteria characteristics
Most ancient of all organisms, live in extreme environments, cell walls lack peptidoglycan (protein coat+sugar)
52
# Chapter 2 Test Review Three common shapes of bacteria...
Rods (bacilli), spheres(cocci), spirals (spirilla)
53
# Chapter 2 Test Review Eukaryotes characteristics
Areas are seperated by membranes, specialized organelles with functions.
54
# Chapter 2 Test Review As an endospore, a bacterium... - produces toxins - dries out - causes diseases - is protected
Is protected
55
# Chapter 2 Test Review Binary fission or conjugation | -Circular chromosome is copied
Binary fission and conjugation
56
# Chapter 2 Test Review ________ form of sexual reproduction. Bridge like structure called polis transfers chromosomes to other cells.
Conjugation
57
# Chapter 2 Test Review Halophiles characteristics
Salty habitats ( the dead sea, the great salt lake)
58
# Chapter 2 Test Review An____ is a tiny structure that contains a bacteriums DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm, encased by a rough outer cover that resists drying out, temp extremes, and hatch chemicals.
Endospores
59
# Chapter 2 Test Review ______ ________ a process in which bacteria reproduce asexually.
Binary fission
60
# Chapter 2 Test Review Photosynthesis autotrophs
Eubacteria live in sunlit places so the organic molecules can make food. Cyanobacteria (blue green)
61
# Chapter 2 Test Review Eubacteria characteristics
Cause human disease, very diverse
62
# Chapter 2 Test Review Aerobes
Require oxygen
63
# Chapter 2 Test Review Anaerobic denitrifying
Eubacteria will convert NO3 back to N2
64
# Chapter 2 Test Review What kind of eubacteria convert nitrate ions into nitrate ions?
Nitrifying bacteria
65
# Chapter 2 Test Review Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into _____
ammonia (NH3)
66
# Chapter 2 Test Review All living things need nitrogen. Name two important biological molecules that contain nitrogen
Proteins and lipids.
67
# Chapter 2 Test Review 78% of atomosphere is made up of nitrogen gas.
.
68
# Chapter 2 Test Review Some of this ammonia dissolves in water in the soil where it reacts with hydrogen ions to form
Ammonium NH4+
69
# Chapter 2 Test Review The planet themselves do not fix the nitrogen, this, instead, is carried out by bacteria which live in the plants _____in swellings called _______
Roots, nodules
70
# Chapter 2 Test Review What kind of environmental conditions are nitrifying bacteria under?
Aerobic, with the presence of oxygen
71
# Chapter 2 Test Review Where is the majority of nitrogen on the earth found?
In the atmosphere
72
# Chapter 2 Test Review What forms of nitrogen are plants able to utilize ?
NH3, NH4+, NO3-
73
# Chapter 2 Test Review Since nitrogen-fixing eubacteria make their own food (energy) from nitrogen gas and not the sun, they are called ___
Chemo synthetic
74
# Chapter 2 Test Review The nitrogen cycle is
The recycling of nitrogen between the biotic, and abiotic parts of our environment.
75
# Chapter 2 Test Review What group of plants is associated with nitrogen fixation?
Legumes
76
# Chapter 2 Test Review _____ _____ eubacterial in soil and legume root modules covert N2 to NH3.
Nitrogen fixing
77
# Chapter 2 Test Review ____ eubacteria (2types) convert NH4 to NO2- to NO3-
Nitrifying
78
# Chapter 2 Test Review Nitrogen 5 major forms
``` N2= nitrogen gas NH3= ammonia NH4+= ammonium NO3-= nitrate NO2-= nitrite ```
79
# Chapter 2 Test Review What kind of eubacteria convert ammonia ions to nitrate ions?
Nitrifying bacteria
80
# Chapter 2 Test Review Is nitrogen in the atmosphere (n2) form usable to most organisms
No
81
# Chapter 2 Test Review Denitrifying are under what environmental conditions
Anaerobic , no oxygen present
82
# Chapter 2 Test Review What type of eubacteria complete the cycle by returning nitrogen to the atomosphere?
Denitrifying bacteria
83
# Chapter 2 Test Review Driven by ____
Eubacteria

Biology (14 decks)

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