Flashcards in Biology Ch. 5-7 Deck (81)
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1
what is the storage polysaccharide in plants
Starch
2
What is the storage polysaccraide in animals
glycogen
3
what is cellulose
polymer of glucose, most abundant compound on earth
4
what is the major component of plant cell walls
cellulose
5
what are insects, spiders considered
exoskeleton arthropods, structural polysaccharide
6
hydrolysis
releases energy in the form of glucose
7
proteins
chains of amino acids, consist of one or more polypetides
8
Four main important large molecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids
9
What are macromolecules
huge, complex formed by similar molecules
10
What are polymers
long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
11
What are monomers
small molecules that are repeated in polymers
12
What are enzymes
macro-molecules that speed up the chemical reactions in cells.
13
When are enzymes important
dehydration and hydrolysis
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What are carbohydrates
polymers of sugars
15
What is a monosacchride
Carbonyl and hydroxyl group, usually CH2O
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Classification of Monosaccharides
location of Carbonyl, size of carbon skeleton, spatial arrangements of parts around carbon atoms
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What does a Monosaccharide do in a cell
form rings in aqueous solution, nutrients the cell especially glucose
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What is a Disaccharide
two Monosaccharides form a covalent bond from dehydration
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Common Disaccharides
lactose and maltose
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What are Polysaccharides
macromolecules, storage, building materials for structures that protect the cell or organism
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Glucose Monomers (Starch)
stored energy (plants) Hydrolysis releases energy
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Glucose Monomers (Glycogen)
stored in liver and muscle cells, hydrolysis releases energy
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What is Cellulose
major component of plant cell walls and abundant organic compound on earth
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Exoskeleton of arthopods are what
structural polysaccharides
25
Lipids
hydrophobic carbon skeleton and not true polymers
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fats
formed by dehydration reaction, glycerol and fatty acids
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what bond does saturated fats have
single bonds
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what bond does unsaturated fats have
double bonds
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What are Phosolipids
essential to the cell, make up cell membrane, hydroxyl group
30
3 hydrophobic polypetides
Valine, Phenylalanine, Alanine
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3 Polar Amino Acids
Cysteine, Serine, Tyrosine
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4 Structures Protein Levels
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
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What is the Primary Structure
Sequence of Amino Acids
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What is the Secondary Structure
Hydrogen Bonds
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What is Tertiary Structure
Overall shape and interaction with chain
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What is Quaternary Structure
Overall structure of polypetides
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4 causes of Denaturation
pH, salt concentration, temperature, solvent
38
Two types of Nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic, ribonucleic
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Classification of RNA
ribose, single strand
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classification of DNA
deoxyribose, double stranded
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Three important parameters of a microscope
Magnification, resolution, contrast
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what microscope prep kills cells
electron microscope
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what transmits the image on the electron microscope
a beam shooting in the electrons ( on surface)
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5 things that all cells have
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes, proteins
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What are prokaryotic cells
DNA is membrane bound called nucleoid, no membrane bound organelles, smaller
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What are eukaryotic cells
DNA membrane bound called nucleus, mitochandria, chloroplast, bigger
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Surface Area of the cell
the larger the cell the smaller the surface area, the smaller the cell the larger the surface area
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what is the nuclear envelope
double membrane, lipid bilayer
49
what do the pores do
regulate entry, exit of proteins and RNA
50
What is Chromatin
complex proteins and DNA within nucleus
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What is the Endomembrane System
collection of membranes inside eurkaryotic cells or transfer vesicles
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What are vesicles
sacs made of membranes
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what is the endoplasmic reticulum
called ER, extensive network of membranes
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Cisternae
tubules and sac membranes
55
Lumen
inside of Er cisternae
56
What are the two types of ER
Smooth and Rough
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What is the Rough ER
makes proteins, glycoproteins, polypeptides grow within
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Golgi Apparatus
stores and distributes products
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What is the Smooth ER
makes lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium
60
What is a stack of flattened membranes
Asternae
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what is the function of lysosomes
speed up hydrolysis of polymers, carries out intracelluar digestion
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What does Phagocytosis
eats a cell
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Selective Permability
regulate the transportation of substances in and out of the cell
64
Fluid Mosiac Model
scientific model of the plasma membrane
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why do proteins move slower the lipids
because of the size of the cells
66
what do cholestrol buffers do
prevent lipid movement at high temperatures, and prevent close packing at cool temperatures
67
Intergral Proteins
penetrate hydrophobic core of bilayer
68
Peripheral proteins
bound to the surface of the membrane and integral proteins
69
What are the 6 major functions of membrane
transport, cell to cell recognition, intercelluar joining, enzyme activity, signal tranduction, attachment to cytoskeleton
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Transport function
movement of substances across the membrane
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Enzyme Activity
Catalysts to reaction
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Signal Transduction
receives chemical messages and relays to other side of membrane
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cell to cell recognition
Recognize glycoproteins serving as ID tags
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Intercelluar joining
form cell junctions
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attachment to Cytoskeleton
maintain cell shape
76
nonpolar molecules
hydrocarbons,oxygen, carbon dioxide
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two types of transport proteins
channel(aquporins) and carrier proteins
78
two modes of membrane support
passive no energy and active needs ATP
79
What is Osmosis
diffusion of water in the a selectively permeable membrane
80
What is Toncitity
ability for a solutions to gain or lose water
81
