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Biology Ch 1-4 > Biology Ch. 8-10 > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 8-10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of metabolic pathways

A

Catabolic and Anabolic pathways

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2
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Break down complex molecules to simpler compounds. Releases energy for work in the cell

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3
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

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4
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change

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5
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of chemical reactions that builds or breaks down a complex molecule

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6
Q

What is metabolism

A

Chemical process in an organism which produces, maintains and destroys by which energy is made

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7
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of an object in motion

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8
Q

Heat/thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the movement of atoms or molecules

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9
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy of matter possess because of its position or structure

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10
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy available for release in chemical reaction

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11
Q

What happens during the release of chemical energy

A

Catabolic reactions rearrange molecules, energy is released and the product has less potential energy

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12
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformations occurring in the collection of matter

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13
Q

Thermodynamics term

System:

A

Matter under study

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14
Q

Thermodynamics term

Surroundings:

A

Everything outside system

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15
Q

Thermodynamics term

Isolated system:

A

System unable to exchange energy or matter with surroundings

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16
Q

Thermodynamics term

Opened system:

A

Energy can be transferred between the system and surroundings

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17
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred me transformed but can not be created or destroyed

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18
Q

Spontaneous processes

A

Process occurs spontaneously without energy when it increases entropy

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19
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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20
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder or randomness

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21
Q

Free energy

A

The energy available to do work

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22
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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23
Q

ATP cellular work

A

Provides energy to the energy requiring processes

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24
Q

How does ATP perform work

A

Transfers phosphate group to molecule.

In hydrolysis it completes the endergonic reaction

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25
Q

What three types of work does ATP perform

A

Chemical (endergonic reactions)
Transport (active transport)
Mechanical (movement of vesicles along cytoskeleton)

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26
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A macromolecule, catalyst, low energy need for reaction

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27
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agent that speeds up reaction with being consumed

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28
Q

Are spontaneous reactions fast or slow and what can be added to speed up the reaction

A

Sucrase enzymes and slow reaction rate

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29
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to begin a reaction, also known as (Ea)

30
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant an enzyme acts on and forms enzyme substrate complex

31
Q

What happens at the Active site

A

Substrate bonds to active site of enzyme results determined by shape of enzyme

32
Q

Enzyme Inhibitors

A

Stop the action of enzymes
( competitive and no competitive )
( irreversible and reversible)

33
Q

What are two cofactors

A

Nonprotein helpers and coenzymes

34
Q

Nonprotein helpers

A

Helpers required by many enzymes

35
Q

What are Coenzymes

A

Are cofactors that are organic molecules

36
Q

Enzymes catalyze reaction

A

Substrate bonds to enzyme by weak interactions

37
Q

what happens when the substrate is binded

A

induces change of shape of the enzyme that weakens bonds to broken into substrate

38
Q

Optimal conditions

A

favor the most active shape of the enzyme

39
Q

Autotrophs

A

self feeders, produce food from CO2

40
Q

photoautotrophs

A

organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize substances (producers of biosphere)

41
Q

Heterotrophs

A

other feeders, consumers of biosphere

42
Q

Chloropast

A

in all green plants, site of photosynthesis

43
Q

Chlorophyll

A

pigment inside chloroplast, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

44
Q

Stomata

A

microscopic pores in the leaves

45
Q

stroma

A

dense fluid within chloroplast

46
Q

thylakoids

A

interconnected membrane sacs

47
Q

Grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

48
Q

what are the two stages of photosynethesis

A

light reactions and calvin cycle

49
Q

Light reactions

A

convert solar energy to chemical energy

50
Q

calvin cycle

A

produces sugar from CO2

51
Q

Photons

A

elementary particle of light, each has a fixed amount of energy

52
Q

Photosystem

A

complex pigments and proteins harvest energy

53
Q

light harvesting

A

pigment bound to protein

54
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

molecule capable of accepting electron

55
Q

what does the photosystem consist of

A

primary electron acceptor, light harvesting, reaction center

56
Q

Two photosystems in chloroplasts

A

photosystem II and photosystem I

57
Q

Photosystem II

A

discovered second functions first

58
Q

Photosystem I

A

discovered first and functions second

59
Q

Liner electron flow

A

flow of electrons through photosystems (key to energy transformations)

60
Q

Mitchondria

A

electrons extracted from molecules

61
Q

chloroplast

A

electrons extracted from water

62
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to glucose or other sugar

63
Q

Phase 1 of calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation- forms two molecules with three carbons and attaches CO2 to sugar

64
Q

Phase 2 Calvin cycle

A

reduction- ATP add phosphate group to each molecule and donates NADPH

65
Q

Phase 3 calvin cycle

A

regeneration of RuBp converts 5G3P in to RuBP

66
Q

celluar respiration

A

process by which cell breakdown organic molecules into O2

67
Q

Redox reactions

A

are chemical reactions resulting in gain or loss of electrons

68
Q

Glycolysis

A

splitting of glucose

69
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytoplasm, ATP is used to energize the glucose molecule

70
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

completes the break down of glucose in the mitochandria, final CO2 is lost

71
Q

Fermentation

A

2 ATP per glucose 2% efficiency

Biology Ch 1-4 (4 decks)

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