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Biology Ch 1-4 > Biology Ch. 8-10 > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 8-10 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of metabolic pathways

A

Catabolic and Anabolic pathways

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2
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Break down complex molecules to simpler compounds. Releases energy for work in the cell

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3
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

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4
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change

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5
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of chemical reactions that builds or breaks down a complex molecule

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6
Q

What is metabolism

A

Chemical process in an organism which produces, maintains and destroys by which energy is made

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7
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of an object in motion

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8
Q

Heat/thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the movement of atoms or molecules

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9
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy of matter possess because of its position or structure

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10
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy available for release in chemical reaction

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11
Q

What happens during the release of chemical energy

A

Catabolic reactions rearrange molecules, energy is released and the product has less potential energy

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12
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformations occurring in the collection of matter

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13
Q

Thermodynamics term

System:

A

Matter under study

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14
Q

Thermodynamics term

Surroundings:

A

Everything outside system

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15
Q

Thermodynamics term

Isolated system:

A

System unable to exchange energy or matter with surroundings

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16
Q

Thermodynamics term

Opened system:

A

Energy can be transferred between the system and surroundings

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17
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred me transformed but can not be created or destroyed

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18
Q

Spontaneous processes

A

Process occurs spontaneously without energy when it increases entropy

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19
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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20
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder or randomness

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21
Q

Free energy

A

The energy available to do work

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22
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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23
Q

ATP cellular work

A

Provides energy to the energy requiring processes

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24
Q

How does ATP perform work

A

Transfers phosphate group to molecule.

In hydrolysis it completes the endergonic reaction

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25
What three types of work does ATP perform
Chemical (endergonic reactions) Transport (active transport) Mechanical (movement of vesicles along cytoskeleton)
26
What is an enzyme
A macromolecule, catalyst, low energy need for reaction
27
Catalyst
Chemical agent that speeds up reaction with being consumed
28
Are spontaneous reactions fast or slow and what can be added to speed up the reaction
Sucrase enzymes and slow reaction rate
29
Activation energy
Energy needed to begin a reaction, also known as (Ea)
30
Substrate
Reactant an enzyme acts on and forms enzyme substrate complex
31
What happens at the Active site
Substrate bonds to active site of enzyme results determined by shape of enzyme
32
Enzyme Inhibitors
Stop the action of enzymes ( competitive and no competitive ) ( irreversible and reversible)
33
What are two cofactors
Nonprotein helpers and coenzymes
34
Nonprotein helpers
Helpers required by many enzymes
35
What are Coenzymes
Are cofactors that are organic molecules
36
Enzymes catalyze reaction
Substrate bonds to enzyme by weak interactions
37
what happens when the substrate is binded
induces change of shape of the enzyme that weakens bonds to broken into substrate
38
Optimal conditions
favor the most active shape of the enzyme
39
Autotrophs
self feeders, produce food from CO2
40
photoautotrophs
organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize substances (producers of biosphere)
41
Heterotrophs
other feeders, consumers of biosphere
42
Chloropast
in all green plants, site of photosynthesis
43
Chlorophyll
pigment inside chloroplast, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
44
Stomata
microscopic pores in the leaves
45
stroma
dense fluid within chloroplast
46
thylakoids
interconnected membrane sacs
47
Grana
stacks of thylakoids
48
what are the two stages of photosynethesis
light reactions and calvin cycle
49
Light reactions
convert solar energy to chemical energy
50
calvin cycle
produces sugar from CO2
51
Photons
elementary particle of light, each has a fixed amount of energy
52
Photosystem
complex pigments and proteins harvest energy
53
light harvesting
pigment bound to protein
54
Primary electron acceptor
molecule capable of accepting electron
55
what does the photosystem consist of
primary electron acceptor, light harvesting, reaction center
56
Two photosystems in chloroplasts
photosystem II and photosystem I
57
Photosystem II
discovered second functions first
58
Photosystem I
discovered first and functions second
59
Liner electron flow
flow of electrons through photosystems (key to energy transformations)
60
Mitchondria
electrons extracted from molecules
61
chloroplast
electrons extracted from water
62
Calvin Cycle
uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to glucose or other sugar
63
Phase 1 of calvin cycle
carbon fixation- forms two molecules with three carbons and attaches CO2 to sugar
64
Phase 2 Calvin cycle
reduction- ATP add phosphate group to each molecule and donates NADPH
65
Phase 3 calvin cycle
regeneration of RuBp converts 5G3P in to RuBP
66
celluar respiration
process by which cell breakdown organic molecules into O2
67
Redox reactions
are chemical reactions resulting in gain or loss of electrons
68
Glycolysis
splitting of glucose
69
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm, ATP is used to energize the glucose molecule
70
Krebs Cycle
completes the break down of glucose in the mitochandria, final CO2 is lost
71
Fermentation
2 ATP per glucose 2% efficiency

Biology Ch 1-4 (4 decks)

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