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Biology Ch 1-4 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Charles Darwin, species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present day species

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2
Q

Evolution

A

change in genetic composition of a population

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3
Q

What does Evolution measure?

A

Change in allele frequency

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4
Q

What ship did Charles Darwin travel on?

A

The beagle

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5
Q

What did Aristotle classify organisms into?

A

Scale of Nature

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6
Q

Carolus Linneaeus

A

develop binomial naming system and Hierarchy

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7
Q

Hierarchy

A

Species – genus – family – order – class – phylum - kingdom

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8
Q

What was also part of Darwins ideas

A

fossils in different layers of rock

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9
Q

Lamarck’s Evolution

A

compared fossils to present day species and discovered line between them

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10
Q

Lamarck’s Principle

A

use and disuse, inheritance

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11
Q

Use and disuse

A

parts of an organism used a lot get bigger and stronger

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12
Q

Inheritance

A

inheritance of these special characteristics

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13
Q

What was flawed about Lamarck’s Principle

A

acquired traits can not be passed down to the next generation

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14
Q

Natural Selection

A

individuals with certain traits leave more off spring than other individuals with out that trait

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15
Q

Adaptations

A

Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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16
Q

4 Observations that led to natural selection

A
  1. members in the population vary in traits
  2. traits are inherited by off spring
  3. Species are able to produce more off spring than the environment can support
  4. many of these offsprings do not survive
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17
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Human modification of species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits

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18
Q

Two summary of Natural Selection

A
  • Over time natural selection can lead to increase matching of organisms and environment
  • Changes in environment could lead to new species via natural selection
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19
Q

Evidence of Evoulation

A
  1. Direct Observation of Evolutionary Change
  2. Fossils can show evolutionary change over time
  3. Homology
  4. Biogeography
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20
Q

Law of Succession

A

Living relatives of fossil species

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21
Q

Fossil Evidence

A

Law of Succession, Transitional Forms

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22
Q

Homology

A

Characteristics present in ancestral organism are altered in its descendants

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23
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Variations of structural theme present in a common ancestor

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24
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Lost most or all of past function

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25
Convergent evolution
independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
26
Evolutionary tree
diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
27
Cell Division
All cells must have come from another cell
28
Why do cells split
Reproduction, growth and development, tissue renewal
29
Cell Cycle
Life of a cell from when formed to when it divides into two cells
30
How does most cell division result from
Indentical sister cells, split DNA equally among two resulting cells
31
Two types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction, Sexual reproduction
32
Asexual Reproduction
creation of genetically identical offspring from one parent
33
Sexual Reproduction
creation of offspring by fusion of sperm and egg
34
Binary Fission
Replication of DNA split into two daughter cells
35
Prokaryotes
Single long DNA molecule
36
Eukaryotes
DNA packaged into chromosomes(made from chromatin DNA and proteins)
37
How are Chromosomes distrupted during cell division
long thin fiber when cell is not dividing, Chromosomes begin to condense after DNA replication
38
What are sister Chromatids
Pairs of indentical chromosomes
39
Where are the sister Chromatids joined together at
Centromere
40
Centromere
Specialized region where two sister chromosomes are attached
41
Phases of Cell Cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
42
Interphase
Cell growth and duplication of DNA
43
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus, DNA
44
Cytokinesis
Division of the Cytoplasm | in animals pinching of plasma membrane, in plants form of cell plate during telophase
45
What is 90% of the cell cycle
Interphase
46
what are the three Subphases of Interphase
G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase
47
G1 Phase
first gap, cell growth
48
S phase
Synthesis, Chromosomes duplicated
49
G2 Phase
Second Gap, cell growth
50
Miotic Spindle
FIbers of microtubles and proteins, moves DNA by shortening and lengthening the mircotubles
51
Centrosome
containing material to organize cells microtubles, in cell division it splits into two centrosomes
52
What are the Stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
53
Cell Size
Cell divide when they roughly double in size
54
Restriction Point
check points in the cell cycle where the cell decides whether or not to proceed
55
Heredity
transmission of traits from one generation to the next
56
Variation
difference among members of the same species
57
Genetics
scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
58
Genes
hereditary units coded information, program the specific traits organisms develop
59
Chromosomes
unit of heredity, where genes are located
60
Somatic Cells
those not associated with gamete formation
61
Homologous Chromosomes
pair of chromosomes with same length, centromere position
62
Diploid Cells
cell with two sets of chromosomes
63
what does "n" stand for when referring to chromosomes
it equals number of chromosomes in a single set
64
Haploid Cells
Cell with one set of chromosomes
65
what is the life cycle
generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organsim
66
Meiosis
Modified type of cell division it results in haploid cells
67
Cross Over
homologous chromosomes exchange sections of chromosomes
68
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes
Random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase of meiosis
69
Chiasma
Region where nonsister chromatids exchange genetic material
70
Random Fertilization
sexual reproduction can lead to a large number of possible genetic combos
71
Three parts of Sexual Reproduction
Random fertilization, independent assortment of chromosomes, cross over
72
Pleiotropy
Gene codes has more than one Phenotypic effect
73
Epistasis
gene at one locus alters phenotypic expression at second locus
74
Polygenic Inheritance
additive affect of one or more genes on a phenotype
75
Recessively inherited disorders
sickle cell, albinism
76
Dominantly inherited disorders
huntingtons diease and achondroplasia
77
what is the chromosome theory of inheritance
genes have location along chromosomes, undergo segregation and independent assortment
78
Nondisjunction
pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart in meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II
79
Monosomic
missing one copy of a chromosome
80
Trisomic
an extra third copy of chromosome
81
polyploidy
more than two sets of chromosome
82
Triploidy
three sets of a chromosome
83
tetraploidy
four sets of a chromosome
84
alterations to chromosome structure
caused by errors in meiosis or damaging agents cause breaking of a chromosome
85
Four types of changes in chromosome structure
deletion, duplication, Inversion, translocation
86
XXY
male sex organs are small and some female body characteristics
87
XYY
some what taller than average
88
XXX
indistinguishable from XX
89
Microevolution
evolution below a species level, change in allele frequency in a population
90
Macroevolution
evolution above species level, includes origins of new species level

Biology Ch 1-4 (4 decks)

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