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Biology Ch 1-4 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Charles Darwin, species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present day species

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2
Q

Evolution

A

change in genetic composition of a population

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3
Q

What does Evolution measure?

A

Change in allele frequency

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4
Q

What ship did Charles Darwin travel on?

A

The beagle

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5
Q

What did Aristotle classify organisms into?

A

Scale of Nature

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6
Q

Carolus Linneaeus

A

develop binomial naming system and Hierarchy

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7
Q

Hierarchy

A

Species ā€“ genus ā€“ family ā€“ order ā€“ class ā€“ phylum - kingdom

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8
Q

What was also part of Darwins ideas

A

fossils in different layers of rock

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9
Q

Lamarckā€™s Evolution

A

compared fossils to present day species and discovered line between them

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10
Q

Lamarckā€™s Principle

A

use and disuse, inheritance

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11
Q

Use and disuse

A

parts of an organism used a lot get bigger and stronger

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12
Q

Inheritance

A

inheritance of these special characteristics

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13
Q

What was flawed about Lamarckā€™s Principle

A

acquired traits can not be passed down to the next generation

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14
Q

Natural Selection

A

individuals with certain traits leave more off spring than other individuals with out that trait

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15
Q

Adaptations

A

Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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16
Q

4 Observations that led to natural selection

A
  1. members in the population vary in traits
  2. traits are inherited by off spring
  3. Species are able to produce more off spring than the environment can support
  4. many of these offsprings do not survive
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17
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Human modification of species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits

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18
Q

Two summary of Natural Selection

A
  • Over time natural selection can lead to increase matching of organisms and environment
  • Changes in environment could lead to new species via natural selection
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19
Q

Evidence of Evoulation

A
  1. Direct Observation of Evolutionary Change
  2. Fossils can show evolutionary change over time
  3. Homology
  4. Biogeography
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20
Q

Law of Succession

A

Living relatives of fossil species

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21
Q

Fossil Evidence

A

Law of Succession, Transitional Forms

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22
Q

Homology

A

Characteristics present in ancestral organism are altered in its descendants

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23
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Variations of structural theme present in a common ancestor

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24
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Lost most or all of past function

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25
Q

Convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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26
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

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27
Q

Cell Division

A

All cells must have come from another cell

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28
Q

Why do cells split

A

Reproduction, growth and development, tissue renewal

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29
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Life of a cell from when formed to when it divides into two cells

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30
Q

How does most cell division result from

A

Indentical sister cells, split DNA equally among two resulting cells

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31
Q

Two types of Reproduction

A

Asexual Reproduction, Sexual reproduction

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32
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

creation of genetically identical offspring from one parent

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33
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

creation of offspring by fusion of sperm and egg

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34
Q

Binary Fission

A

Replication of DNA split into two daughter cells

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35
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single long DNA molecule

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36
Q

Eukaryotes

A

DNA packaged into chromosomes(made from chromatin DNA and proteins)

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37
Q

How are Chromosomes distrupted during cell division

A

long thin fiber when cell is not dividing, Chromosomes begin to condense after DNA replication

38
Q

What are sister Chromatids

A

Pairs of indentical chromosomes

39
Q

Where are the sister Chromatids joined together at

A

Centromere

40
Q

Centromere

A

Specialized region where two sister chromosomes are attached

41
Q

Phases of Cell Cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

42
Q

Interphase

A

Cell growth and duplication of DNA

43
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus, DNA

44
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the Cytoplasm

in animals pinching of plasma membrane, in plants form of cell plate during telophase

45
Q

What is 90% of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

46
Q

what are the three Subphases of Interphase

A

G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase

47
Q

G1 Phase

A

first gap, cell growth

48
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis, Chromosomes duplicated

49
Q

G2 Phase

A

Second Gap, cell growth

50
Q

Miotic Spindle

A

FIbers of microtubles and proteins, moves DNA by shortening and lengthening the mircotubles

51
Q

Centrosome

A

containing material to organize cells microtubles, in cell division it splits into two centrosomes

52
Q

What are the Stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

53
Q

Cell Size

A

Cell divide when they roughly double in size

54
Q

Restriction Point

A

check points in the cell cycle where the cell decides whether or not to proceed

55
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

56
Q

Variation

A

difference among members of the same species

57
Q

Genetics

A

scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

58
Q

Genes

A

hereditary units coded information, program the specific traits organisms develop

59
Q

Chromosomes

A

unit of heredity, where genes are located

60
Q

Somatic Cells

A

those not associated with gamete formation

61
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes with same length, centromere position

62
Q

Diploid Cells

A

cell with two sets of chromosomes

63
Q

what does ā€œnā€ stand for when referring to chromosomes

A

it equals number of chromosomes in a single set

64
Q

Haploid Cells

A

Cell with one set of chromosomes

65
Q

what is the life cycle

A

generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organsim

66
Q

Meiosis

A

Modified type of cell division it results in haploid cells

67
Q

Cross Over

A

homologous chromosomes exchange sections of chromosomes

68
Q

Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

A

Random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase of meiosis

69
Q

Chiasma

A

Region where nonsister chromatids exchange genetic material

70
Q

Random Fertilization

A

sexual reproduction can lead to a large number of possible genetic combos

71
Q

Three parts of Sexual Reproduction

A

Random fertilization, independent assortment of chromosomes, cross over

72
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Gene codes has more than one Phenotypic effect

73
Q

Epistasis

A

gene at one locus alters phenotypic expression at second locus

74
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

additive affect of one or more genes on a phenotype

75
Q

Recessively inherited disorders

A

sickle cell, albinism

76
Q

Dominantly inherited disorders

A

huntingtons diease and achondroplasia

77
Q

what is the chromosome theory of inheritance

A

genes have location along chromosomes, undergo segregation and independent assortment

78
Q

Nondisjunction

A

pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart in meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II

79
Q

Monosomic

A

missing one copy of a chromosome

80
Q

Trisomic

A

an extra third copy of chromosome

81
Q

polyploidy

A

more than two sets of chromosome

82
Q

Triploidy

A

three sets of a chromosome

83
Q

tetraploidy

A

four sets of a chromosome

84
Q

alterations to chromosome structure

A

caused by errors in meiosis or damaging agents cause breaking of a chromosome

85
Q

Four types of changes in chromosome structure

A

deletion, duplication, Inversion, translocation

86
Q

XXY

A

male sex organs are small and some female body characteristics

87
Q

XYY

A

some what taller than average

88
Q

XXX

A

indistinguishable from XX

89
Q

Microevolution

A

evolution below a species level, change in allele frequency in a population

90
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution above species level, includes origins of new species level

Biology Ch 1-4 (4 decks)

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