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Biology 101 > Biology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Macromolecules

A

Functional groups give form and function to the carbon backbone

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1
Q

Organic macromolecules

A

Contains carbon
Maximum bonding capacity
Backbone of macromolecules

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2
Q

Monomer

A

Single molecule

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3
Q

Polymer

A

Chain of monomers

Polymer=macromolecule

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4
Q

Cellular structure

A

Complete body of polymers with a specific function

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5
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Covalent bonds are formed, H2O

Released and energy stored

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Covalent bonds are broken, H2O

Is consumed and energy released

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7
Q

Organisms are primarily made of 4 kinds of organic macromolecules

A

Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

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8
Q

Nucleic acids serve 3 functions

A
  1. genetic code: DNA
  2. Reading genetic code: RNA
  3. Cellular energy: ATP
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9
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Composed of nucleotides ( monomers)
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

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10
Q

Genetic code

A

It’s DNA

Is the sequence of bases

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11
Q

DNA

A

Stays in the nucleus of cell

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12
Q

Backbone of DNA

A

Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

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13
Q

Four nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine guanine cytosine thymine(DNA only)

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14
Q

Hydrogen bonds is what

A

Holds the 2 strands of DNA molecule

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15
Q

Genetic code is to do what

A

Is there to make proteins

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16
Q

RNA

A

Is the middle man

17
Q

RNA is similar to DNA but..

A
  1. Ribose is the sugar instead of deoxyribose
  2. RNA is a single strand
  3. Uracil replaces thymine (uracil= RNA only)
18
Q

Flow of genetic information

A

Nucleus - RNA - cytoplasm
DNA is transcribed into RNA - moved to cytoplasm- translated into a protein (amino acid sequence)
Central dogma of molecular biology

19
Q

ATP

A 
Cellular energy
1. Used for transfer of energy 
2. ADP - ATP 
3. Energy currency in all organisms 
Energy being stored in bond I'm between 2 and 3 phosphate
20
Q

ADP -

ATP -

A

Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate

21
Q

Proteins

A

Highly complex macromolecules

Instrumental in almost every structure and function

22
Q

Amino acids

A

Carbon, amino group, carboxyl, hydrogen, functional group

23
Q

Proteins defined by

A

The specific order of amino acids

24
Q

How is that order determined

A 
Genetic code(DNA sequence) 
DNA - RNA - protein 
Central dogma of molecular biology
25
Q

Amino acids linked together by

A

Peptide bonds

26
Q

Chains of amino acids are called

A

Polypeptides

Several to make a protein

27
Q

Peptide

A

Another word for amino acid

28
Q

Polypeptide

A

2 or more amino acids

29
Q

Shape =

A

Function

30
Q

Primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence

31
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between amino acids

32
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D structure of 1 polypeptide

33
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Several polypeptides together In a single protein

34
Q

Function

A

Proteins provide support, motion, metabolic: involved in chemical reaction (enzymes), transportation of other substances, (defense) immune system, regulatory, - extreme changes in pH and temperature can cause proteins to denature break hydrogen bonds

  • lose shape and function
  • remember blood pH - hemoglobin
35
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Short term energy storage and transport
Structural framework of cells
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1

36
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides
Short term energy storage between cells and tissues
Most important energy source
Food broken down into these

37
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Two types

Not water soluble

38
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A

Immediate duration energy storage (starch, glycogen)

39
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Protective and structural elements (cellulose, chitin)

40
Q

Carbohydrates summary

A

Derived from food (originally plants)
Can be altered by enzymes to store or release energy
Structural carbohydrates are not digest able
Too much carbs= fat

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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