Biology - classification and biodiversity Flashcards

Question

Doman of Archaea

Answer 1

bacteria that often have unusual metabolism, e.g. generate methane or live in extreme conditions

Answer 2

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protoctista

Answer 3

underneath Domains are five kingdoms, they are Prokaryota, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Answer 4

Prokaryota

Answer 5

Prokaryota, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Answer 6

subgroup of Kingdom, each member has a distinct body plan

Answer 7

subgroup of Phylem i.e. mammalia are a class with the phylum Chordata

Answer 8

subgroup of class e.g. lepidopera is an order containing butterflies in the class Insecta

Answer 9

subgroup of order e.g. flower family Rosaceae contains roses

Answer 10

subgroup of family, they share a large number of physical features and can interbreed to make fertile offspring.

Answer 11

a group (taxon) containing organisms whith many similarities but enough differences that they cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring i.e.lions and tigers, both are similar but if they breed the offspring (tigon or liger) aren't fertile

Answer 12

no membrane bound organelles, microscopic

Answer 13

single cells or all similar celsl animal or plant-like

Answer 14

Autotrophs containing chlorophyll, cellulose cell walls. ferns, mosses, horsetails have spores, everything else has seeds

Answer 15

saprotophs, chitin cell walls, hyphae

Answer 16

heterotrophs, no cell walls, nervious co-ordination

Answer 17

Structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin derived from a common ancestor

Answer 18

Having five digits

Answer 19

the development of different structures over long periods of time from the equivalent structures in related organisms

Answer 20

That organisms evolve from a common ancestor, we share common ancestors

Answer 21

By looking for homologous structures

Answer 22

By their physical features and with genetic evidence

Answer 23

The development of similar features in unrelated organisms over long periods of time

Answer 24

structures with a corresponding function and similar shape but have a different developmental origin

Answer 25

For example a bat, a butterfly and a sparrow all have wings but one is a mammal, one and insect and one a bird. This shows convergent evolution i.e. they all evolved wings but they're not related organisms

Answer 26

can use DNA sequences, DNA hybridisation, Amino acid sequences, Immunology

Answer 27

as organisms evolve their base DNA changes. The more similar your base DNA is to another species means you're more closely related to them. DNA analysis has been used to correct mistakes made in classification of some organisms that were originally based on physical characteristics

Answer 28

compare the DNA base sequence of two species. Seperate the DNA into single strands and cut the strands into fragments.Mix the fragments from the two species together. When the two species are closely related the DNA fragments hybridize together. The higher the percentage of hybridization the more closely related the two species are.

Answer 29

amino acid sequences in proteins are determined by the DNA base sequence. If the amino acids of one species are similar to another species it means it's more closely related.

Answer 30

if you mix the antigens of one species with antibodies of another the antigens and antibodies coagulate. The closer the species are related the more they coagulate.

Answer 31

if two species look the same they're likely to be the same species. The sex of the organism may cause some differences i.e. male lions have a mane, this should be taken into account

Answer 32

same species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Different species may interbreed but their offspring are not fertile.

Answer 33

the identification and naming of organisms

Answer 34

discover and describe biological diversity investigate evolutionary relationships between organisms classify organisms to reflect ehri evolutionary relationships

Answer 35

the system for naming organisms that gives them two names so that: naming is unambiguous based on latin (which was scholarly and used around the world when this was all made up in 1753) implies that two species sharing part of the name are closely related eg Panthera leo and Panthera tigris show that the tiger and lion are closely related but two different species

Answer 36

The two names are the genus and it's species Genus is first and has a captial letter Species is second and does not have a capital letter The first time a name is used in a scientific text it's written in full, after that it may be abbreviated Both names are printed in italics or underlined if hand-written

Answer 37

the number of species in an environment (species richness) The number of organisms within each species in an environment (species evenness)

Answer 38

not constant

Answer 39

biodiversity depends on environment. Biodiversity hotspots occur around the equator and tropics because light is high intensity which means more plants, which means more herbivores which means more carnivores. Also it's warmer which means more energy which means more of everything as well

Answer 40

Succession. Organisms change their habitat which makes it more suitable for them and other species. This change is called "succession". It increases animal biodiversity but decreases plant biodiversity

Answer 41

Natural selection ... it just does, ok

Answer 42

Human influence. Human activity affects habitats usually decreasing biodiversity and often leading to extinction of species. e.g. Logging and road building in tropical rain forests Over fishing the oceans Misuse of land leading to desertification Polution of rivers with chemicals Humans can improve biodiversity but this only usually happens as a by product of humans wanting something for themselves. i.e. when the Thames was so poluted with sewage in 1858 people built sewers because they couldn't stand the smell. This had the effect of also increasing the biodiversity of the river as it was cleaned up but the people didn't directly clean the river to save species, they did it because they didn't like the smell.

Answer 43

less food types to eat less plants and fungi to make new medicines from less organisms to produce important raw materials i.e. rubber, cotton

Answer 44

the biggest threat to biodiversity. As we decrease biodiveristy we reduce sources of new foods and sources of characteristics to help with crops, medicine, building/making stuff.

Answer 45

is done using a biodiversity index

Answer 46

some way of meansuring the biodiversity in an environment

Answer 47

Simpsons Diversity Index which meansures the biodiversity of motile organisms such as invertibrates in a stream

Answer 48

D (diversit index) = 1 - sum of n (n-1) / N (N-1) so D equals ONE minus the sum of the number of species multiplied by the number of species minus one divided by the number of organisms multiplied by the number of organisms minus one where: n = number of species N = number of organisms

Answer 49

examine the genes and alleles in the gene pool of a population. A genes position on a chromosome is called its locus A locus is polymorphic if it has two or more alleles A gene has more biodiversity if it has more alleles

Answer 50

Organisms that are related have DNA base sequences that are more similar DNA does not all code for protein Non-coding sequences undergo mutation and individuals get different base sequences Sometimes only one base differents, these single differences are called SPNs (snips) which stands for single nucleotide polymorphisms Other regions of DNA, about 20-40 base sequences that repeat many times. These are HVR (hyper variable regions) or STRs (short tandem sequeces) You can see these differences in DNA fingerprints (also called genetic fingerprints, genetic profiles or DNA profiles). You can compare the number and position of the bands in DNA profiles to see how similar the DNA sequences are. The more similar, the more related. The more differences in SNPs and HVRs means an increase in biodiversity. In a biodiverse population there is a lot of differences between the DNA fingerprints

Answer 51

mutations cause differences providing the raw material for natural selection mutation causes differences in DNA this causes variation which can be seen in different physical appearence or biochemical function or behaviour some mutations give a competative advantage those with an advantage survive better They reproduce more and pass the advantagous allells to their offspring more variation means a more biodiverse environment

Answer 52

reduce biodiversity. If a preditor evolves and is super good at killing things it kills all the things and reduces the biodiversity

Answer 53

increase biodiversity. As environments change organisms evolve to cope with the new environment. This often means you have organisms that coped well with the old environment, organsims that cope well with the new environment and organisms inbetween giving you a biodiverse set of organisms in the environment

Answer 54

the change in a species as a useful characteristic becomes more common

Answer 55

a useful characteristic that lets an organism have an advantage in it's environment that it didn't have before. i.e. the organism adapts to its environment

Answer 56

Anatomical The physical form of the organism adapts to gain an advantage

Answer 57

Phsyiological e.g. hibernating hedgehogs lower their body temperature to expend less energy during hibernation leaves fall off trees so that they don't lose moisture by transpiration

Answer 58

Behavioural plants flower in spring when there are lots of insects about to do the pollination Extravigant mating rituals (peacock tails and flamingo dances) increase the changes of reproducing

Biology - classification and biodiversity Flashcards

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