Biology Clicker Questions Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
Which is the name of the material and which is the name of the resulting thing?
A
DNA is the material, chromosome is the thing
2
Q
A chromosome is best described as
A
A single strand of DNA
3
Q
A gene is
A
A zone on a piece of DNA
4
Q
Mitosis is defined as
A
Division of genetic material
5
Q
How are the two strands of DNA held together?
A
Hydrogen bonds
6
Q
How many pieces of DNA are in this drawing?
A
1
7
Q
Can you have a piece of DNA that is not a chromosome?
A
Yes
8
Q
Each group of three nucleotides is an
A
Amino Acid
9
Q
What is transcription?
A
Making one RNA copy of one “strand” of DNA, Making RNA from a template
10
Q
Getting code out of the DNA/Getting from DNA to RNA
A
Just know which one to read
11
Q
Does the code at a specific location have to be the same from person to person?
A
No
12
Q
What sequence of events is righ with RNA, protien, and DNA?
A
DNA-RNA-protien
13
Q
Which could have come from the parent?
A
A+B or C+D
14
Q
What is different about homologous chromosomes?
A
The alleles are different
15
Q
Most somatic cells are 2n=
A
2n=46
16
Q
Meiosis is just mitosis run through twice
A
False
17
Q
What does this cell show?
A
Parents cell after DNA duplication
18
Q
The picture above showed
A
Duplicated DNA, sister chromatids, a part of meiosis not mitosis
19
Q
The picture will become how many chromosomes?
A
4
20
Q
Homologous chromosomes trading chunks will result in
A
Different sets of alleles compared to the beginning
21
Q
What are sister chromatids?
A
Duplicated chromosomes held together
22
Q
What is true/ the same about homologous chromosomes?
A
The genes and loci are the same
23
Q
What can you find in this picture (karyotype)?
A
Duplicated DNA, Duplicated homologous chromosomes, and sister chromatids
24
Q
How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?
A
23
25
Why do we need haploid gametes?
So offspring can be diploid
26
Crossing over results in
Different sets of alleles compared to the beginning
27
Why was that last drawing unrealistic and potentially misleading?
Crossing over is not shown
28
What do you get from one parent?
One chromosome from each homologous pair, one of each gene, one allele per gene
29
When does the other phenotype come back?
F2
30
What would the genotype be of a white flower plant?
pp
31
What does "the beginning" look like?
A normal somatic cell, a cell that undergoes mitosis
32
What is the correct order of events? (Crossing over, indep. assortment, DNA duplication)
DNA duplication-crossing over-indep. assortment
33
Who mates with the P2 generation?
They mate with eachother, the F1 mate with the P2
34
Which generations show two phenotypes
P1 and F2
35
One gene, how many genotype & phenotype options?
Gene - 3
| Phe - 2
36
F1 was all purple, what is the genotype?
pp
37
The white flower plant is
Homozygous
38
P1 has how many genotypes
2
39
Genotypes of P1 generation
Both are homozygous
40
F2 generation contains how many genotypes?
3
41
What would P1 genotypes be?
Half RRYY and half rryy
42
F1 genotypes will be
All RrYy
43
All F1 phenotypes will be
All yellow, round
44
Mendel's peas had what characteristics?
Mendel's pea genes were each on different chromosomes
45
Which represents two homozygous parents who have different alleles?
PPxpp
46
How many phenotypes result from crossing two homozygous parents
1
47
Rule of independent assortment?
Is a physical thing that happens in meiosis
48
What would the P2 generation genotype be?
All Pp
49
What are the proportions of offspring phenotypes when both parents are heterozygous?
25/75
50
What would the P1 parents genotypes be?
Half RRYY and half rryy
51
Two genes: How many different phenotypes are possible in F2?
4
52
How many F2 boxes will result in offspring that are round and yellow?
9
53
What level are we talking about when we say "incomplete dominance" or "codominance"?
Allele
54
started with 50/50 in P1, by F2 the proportion was?
50/50
55
If proportions of two alleles could change?
One allele could become 0%, 100%, fluctuate forever, stay perfectly 50/50
56
Did the proportions of P and p in the population change?
No
57
Start with "the cat ate the dog." Which is a deletion?
Tec ata tet hed
58
How many phenotypes result from crossing two heterozygous parents in a population that has two alleles, one of which is recessive and one of which is dominant
2
59
What does "R" really mean?
The actual nucleotide code on the coding strand
60
Why didn't the proportion of alleles in a population change for Mendel?
Because of not natural selection, because mendel made the important decisions
61
How likely is "no heritable advantages" in the actual world?
0%
62
What differentiates founder effect from population bottleneck?
Founder effect creates new sub population
63
Spray insecticide to reduce mosquito population
Artificial selection
64
Foxes eating mice that live mostly in a barn
Natural selection
65
What does "adaptive" mean?
Changed for the better
66
If two unrelated species can converge on the same answer:
Characters would be analogous
67
A population has two alleles, one of which is recessive and one of which is dominant. How many homozygous parental combinations are there?
3
68
What adapts?
Populations
69
Whale, why is it different?
Selection resulted in important changes to whale forelimb anatomy
70
Analogous characters would be?
Two characters that look the same or do the same function but are on unrelated individuals
71
If two species converge on the same answer
Characters would be analogous
72
"The same answer" to what
Problem related to survival, reproduction, and fitness
73
Same species?
Two individuals who produce viable offspring
74
What about character of flight?
Probably evolved independently several times
75
Two new species. Where is the original?
Original is gone
76
Can bacteria have species?
Yes, but not using the BSC
77
Why only one letter in each parent box?
Because parents donate gametes
78
Gene codes for a character. Which is a character?
Blue eyes
Red hair
14"femur
None
79
A population contains individuals with a gene that has two alleles, one dominant and one recessive. Both parents are homozygous. How many genotypes exist?
3, RR, Rr, rr
80
Populations adapt. What can happen with individuals?
Live, die, produce offspring, don't produce offspring
81
Evolution is a change in proportions of alleles in a population. In response to a major change in environment, individuals will
______, causing the population to ______
live or die, adapt
82
Corn?
Artificial selection
83
If two unrelated bird species develop the same complicated feather pattern?
Characters would be analogous
84
Resistant Staphylococcus aureus increases when antibiotic is used
Some bacteria were resistant at the start of treatment, and selection increased their frequency
85
What is a zygote?
A single-celled fertilized egg
86
Two new species? Where is the original?
Original doesn't exist
87
Example of "saturated"
Sweet tea with sugar at the bottom, fizzy water, oxygen in any normal body of water
88
Definition of a solution
Homogeneous mixture in which no two particles of dissolved solute can touch
89
The difference in mass between a seed and firewood log originates primarily from
Air
90
What is true about prokaryotes
No meiosis
91
No change in allele frequencies applies to
Populations and groups of individuals
92
Homologous characters would be defined as
Characters that come from a common ancestor
93
How many years is an Eon?
It's just a category, there's no fixed time
94
How old is the earth?
4.5 billion years
95
Do you think multi-cellular body plans evolve once or more?
More than once
96
Red Algae?
Monophyletic, no relatively recent common ancestor
97
Plants and Fungi?
Polyphyletic
98
How many times did multi-cellular patterns evolve?
5
99
Two samples of fungi filaments 400 meters apart, what is possible?
All four of the above. DNA is identical, both hyphae samples are from the same individual, DNA shows decent amount of variation, Hyphae samples are from two individuals
100
What molecule containing energy can plants make?
Glucose
101
Hardy-Weinberg equation applies to:
Populations and groups of individuals
102
What is true about fossils?
Fossils are relatively rare. Only about one percent of species are represented in the fossil record
103
Lions in the zoo? Corn? Chickens?
Artificial Selection
104
Grackles?
Natural Selection
105
When did atmospheric oxygen become biologically relevant on planet earth?
About 2.5 billion years ago
106
What does the tree show?
Phylogeny of all eukaryotes
107
Brown Algae?
Monophyletic
108
What are the little blue blobs in the previous drawing?
Water filled vacuole
109
Arbuscules are
Inside a root cell wall, specialized hyphae that enable mycorrhizae
110
How long ago did Bacteria and Eukaryotes diverge?
About 3-4 billion years ago
111
How long ago did humans and chimps diverge?
About 6 million years ago
112
Organism has a mutation that caused it to make a different protein from all others. The mutation made what now be different?
Chromosome, gene, allele
113
What is the common ancestor to B and C?
B (2)
114
What if these are unrelated? How many mutations have to happen for all three to exist, if we know that all common ancestor had none of these?
Six
115
An organisms genome is
All of the DNA in an average somatic cell from an organism
116
What is physically between the genes on a chromosome?
More nucleotides
117
What would be different comparing genomes of distantly related/within species?
Actual string of nucleotides, alleles, genes, chromosomes
118
What is epistasis?
Two genes that work together
119
First life on earth?
About 3.5-4.2 billion years ago
120
Mycelium is a net of hyphae and arbuscules enable more efficient mycorrhizea
True
121
The three in the box?
Monophyletic or polyphyletic
122
What is between the genes on a chromosome?
More nucloetides
123
What would be different comparing genomes within a species?
Actual string of nucleotides and alleles
124
If all those creatures have the same sequences in those genes, what is likely?
Three of the above, first three i think
125
That shared common ancestor is likely
Multi-celled eukaryote
126
Do you think the cells of the leaves/plants in the previous picture contain different genes?
No
127
Under what conditions is the GLABRA-2 gene expressed?
Expressed in cells next to cells with hair
128
What flower parts did Mendel remove?
Stamen
129
Cellular respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse
False
130
Humans change the color of trees so that moths are mostly the wrong color to hide. The portion of the population of the moths with the can't-hide color plummets. This is an example of ___ selection
Natural
131
Mendel started with 50/50 proportions of flower color alleles in P1. The F2 phenotype had what proportion white and what proportion purple?
75% purple and 25% white
132
When did the first prokaryotes appear on earth?
3.5 Billion Years ago
133
When was the first multicellular life on Earth?
1.2 Billion Years Ago
134
When did first life move onto land?
About 400-500 million years ago
135
What do transcription factors do?
Determine which genes are made into RNA
136
What do creatures ranging from wasps to corals to rabbits have in common?
Identical nucleotide sequences that control structural development
137
Define evolution
Change of allele percentages in a population
138
What were the horizontal blue lines?
DNA, Chromosomes
139
Cut off the shoot apical meristem, plant will?
Grow all bushy, stop going up
140
Put a nail 5' up in a 10' tall growing tree. About how high will nail be when the tree is 30' tall
About 5' off the ground, the stem of the tree doesn't move
141
Why would the stomata close?
Because the plant is drying out
142
Based on what you know, flowing plants probably
Experienced adaptive radiation
143
A seed is best thought of as
An embryo
144
A population bottleneck
Occurs when there is a dramatic drop in population size, causes lowered amount of variation for a long time, changes proportions of alleles in a population
145
First major movement of life onto land?
400-500 million years ago
146
Define selection
differential survival and reproduction
147
Growth patterns in plants are likely?
Position based
148
What undergoes gastrulation?
Blastula
149
A coelomate is defined by having
A coelom surrounded by mesoderm
150
Convergent evolution can be
Two not related species looking the same
151
Cnidarian body plan shows
Radial symmetry
152
Will parthenogenic offspring from mitosis-formed "eggs" be genetically identical to parents?
Yes
153
Will parthenogenic offspring from meiosis formed eggs be genetically identical to parents?
No
154
If single parent produces both egg and sperm, that is known as?
Hermaphrodite
155
Define selection
Differential survival and reproduction
156
Definition of asexual reproduction
No fertilization
157
Dominant alleles are?
Expressed in a heterozygote
158
What causes speciation?
Reproductive isolation
159
One gene. Two heterozygote individuals. How many offspring options?
3 Genotypes, 2 phenotypes
160
Which of the statements is not true about pollen?
Pollen is an embryo
161
What is endocrine signaling?
Long range to other cell's receptors
162
To maintain homeostasis, human body temperature should be 98.6
Nope. Homeostasis is a range
163
Where are the two capillary beds that are connected by the portal vessels?
Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
164
What is energy
The ability to do work
165
Where is the energy in glucose?
In the covalent bonds of glucose
166
How do we think eukaryotes were originally formed? - 2 billion years ago
Membranes folded inwards
167
Where does most of the energy on earth originate?
Sun
168
Where does the carbon in a plant originate?
Air and burning other plants
169
What does a stoma do?
Open leaf to the exterior, allow water regulation, allow gas exchange with exterior
170
ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and acts on kidney tubules. Where does this hormone enter the blood stream?
Posterior Pituitary
171
Electrons move toward molecules that are
More electronegative
172
Along those same lines, oxygen is
More electronegative
173
How likely do you thin it is that 7% of Scott's DNA would change in space?
Zero likely. The expression changed
174
What is the problem with rubisco?
Sometimes fixes oxygen
175
What is the problem with PEP?
No problem
176
What happens to species that are not well adapted to their environment?
They go extinct
177
Once an organism gets complicated (3 layers or more), does it still need to exchange with environment?
Yes
178
How much surface area in your small intestines (20' long, 1" diameter)
About the size of a tennis court
179
Do things being absorbed need to cross two membranes? Not one? Why?
Because cells have volume
180
Breathing? Sure. Why?
Because of cellular respiration
181
Where are solutes that are dissolved?
Between the particles of water
182
How many tissue types in mammals?
4
183
How many organ systems are there?
11
184
Muscle - what is it?
Lots of cell types that make a tissue
185
Maximum number of cell layers before you have to start to specialize cells?
2
186
Is that picture a right or left knee?
Right
187
How much surface area in your lungs?
About the size of a tennis court
188
What is diffusion?
Movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
189
Why does water hold less O2 than air?
Because that is a property of water
190
What is protein quaternary structure
Multiple strands folding and linking together
191
What do plants need?
CO2, minerals, glucose, water
192
Why would roots take in oxygen?
Cellular respiration
193
What one thing do leaves need most of all?
No single most important thing
194
Why would water be "pulled " to leaves
Because it is evaporated there
195
Do plant leaves in bright sunlight need oxygen?
Yes
196
Why do plants need oxygen?
Cellular respiration
197
Why do birds breathe?
To allow citric acid cycle to run = allow cellular
198
Simple Diffusion requires how many ATP?
None
199
Water holds ___ oxygen than air at a partial pressure of 100 mm Hg
Way, way less
200
Why are transporting roots usually close to the surface?
So they can get oxygen
201
What is another name for Na/K ATP-ase?
Sodium-potassium pump
202
What do arteries carry?
Blood away from the heart
203
Atrium-from Roman architecture
Entry room
204
Why is it hard to get oxygen out of water?
There isn't much O2
205
The dissolved thing is
A solute
206
What are the options for two solutions?
More particles, same amount of particles, less particles
207
Solution A = 1 OsM NaCl. A tissue place in solution A gained water at equilibrium. Therefore solution A was ___ to the tissue
Hyposmotic (fewer particles)
208
What is BMR
Amount of energy you spend while at rest
209
What does viable mean?
Offspring is able to succeed
210
What is a definition of population?
Defined groups of anything alive
