Lecture Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
A Punnett square has two letters in each of the offspring boxes but has only one letter in each parent box. Why is there only one letter in each parent box?
A
Parents are giving a chromosome, gene, allele, and gamete
2
Q
Homologous chromosomes are homologous because?
A
Genes are found at the same place
3
Q
What is true about Mendel’s pea experiments? The genes are?
A
On different chromosomes
4
Q
What is the same about homologous chromosomes?
A
Genes and loci
5
Q
A population contains individuals with a gene that has two alleles, one dominant and one recessive. What are the possible number of offspring genotypes if both parents are homozygous?
A
3
6
Q
Populations adapt. What happens to individuals?
A
They live or die. Produce offspring or don’t produce offspring
7
Q
Evolution is a change in proportions of alleles in a population. In response to a major change in the environment, individuals will ___ or ___ and because of that the population will ___ adapt.
A
Live, die, adapt
8
Q
You observe that a population of fish that was once all one species. You are not sure how this happened, because there is nothing keeping them apart - no physical barrier. You know that all speciation events are based on one thing ____. This is an example of ___
A
Reproductive isolation, sympatric
9
Q
If two unrelated bird species develop the same complicated feather pattern. The characters would be?
A
Analogous
10
Q
Two species that converge on the same answer that solves an adaptation problem has
A
No common ancestor and is therefore not homologous
11
Q
Bacteria have no?
A
Gametes
12
Q
Bacteria have a single?
A
Cell
13
Q
It only takes once cell for a bacteria to?
A
Reproduce
14
Q
Methicillin Resistant Staph increases when antibiotic is used
A
Some bacteria were resistant at the start of treatment and selection increased their frequency
15
Q
Evolution favors a ___ of a population
A
Subset
16
Q
Evolution is based on an existing ____
A
Heritable characteristic
17
Q
Reproductive isolation is?
A
Individuals that are isolated for so long that they cannot produce viable offspring
18
Q
Isolation is based on?
A
Timing and location
19
Q
What is a zygote?
A
A single-celled fertilized egg
20
Q
Reproductive isolation can be either prezygotic or postzygotic. What is the difference?
A
Prezygotic is before fertilization. Postzygotic is after fertilization
21
Q
Reproductive isolation can be either allopatric or sympatric. What is the difference?
A
Non-overlapping locations vs the same location
22
Q
Reproductive isolation leads to? Which leads to?
A
Speciation. Two new species
23
Q
What is microevolution?
A
Small unisolated changes that occur between a breeding population
24
Q
What is macroevolution?
A
Major evolutionary changes
25
Two new species? Where is the original?
It doesn't exist
26
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
27
Go through the system of organizing animals from smallest to largest
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
28
If two species share a common ancestor they are?
Sister taxa
29
What is a paraphyletic group?
Includes the common ancestor, but not all of the decendants
30
What is a polyphyletic group?
Doesn't include the common ancestor of the group
31
What is a monophyletic group?
Includes the common ancestor and all of the descendants
32
How do you figure out a species common ancestor?
Infer from current phenotypes and genotypes. Look at fossils
33
What is true about fossils?
They're extremely rare, 1% of all species. Most species are represented by just a few individuals
34
How old is the earth?
4.5 billion years
35
An ___ is the largest category of division of the timeline of earth
Eon
36
The Hadean Eon was from?
Creation of earth to 4 billion years ago
37
The Archaean Eon was from?
4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago
38
When did the first single cell prokaryote life exist?
3.5 billion years ago
39
When did atmospheric oxygen first exist?
2.7 billion years ago
40
An example of "saturated" is?
Sweet tea with sugar at the bottom, fizzy water, oxygen in a body of water
41
What is the definition of a solution?
Homogeneous mixture in which two particles of dissolved solute cannot touch
42
The difference in mass between a seed and a firewood log originates primarily from?
Air
43
What happens during photosynthesis?
Radiant energy is sent as photons of energy which transforms into chemical potential energy. The energy is now in the covalent bonds of glucose which allows life
44
What is the difference between respiration and photosynthesis in terms of energy?
Respiration frees up energy while photosynthesis uses energy
45
The oxygen revolution occured?
2.5 billion years ago
46
The proterozoic era occured from?
2.5 billion to 541 million years ago
47
What important happened during the proterozoic era?
Eukaryotes, multicellular, animal movement onto land
48
When did multicelullar eukaryotes exist?
1.3 billion years ago
49
When did single-celled eukaryotes exist?
1.6 billion years ago
50
When did prokaryotes exist?
3.5 billion years ago
51
What is true about prokaryotes and not true about eukaryotes?
Have no meiosis, no nucleus, no sexual reproduction
52
When was the phanerozoic Eon?
541 million years ago to present
53
What are the three eras of phanerozoic?
Paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
54
No change in allele frequencies applies to?
Populations and groups of individuals
55
A population has two alleles, one of which is recessive and one of which is dominant. How may homozygous parental combinations are there?
4
56
Homologous characters would be defined as?
Characters that come from a common ancestor
57
What are the right conditions for the precursor molecules for life?
Sunlight, chemical elements, variations in pH and temperature, oceans
58
Do you think that multi-cellular body plans evolved once or more?
More than once
59
Red/Brown Algae?
Monophyletic, there's no relatively recent ancestor
60
Plants and Fungi?
Polyphyletic, no recent common ancestor
61
How many times did multi-cellular patterns evolve?
5
62
Soil fungus is?
Net of filaments
63
How does soil fungus move?
Filament secretes enzymes that break up the molecules around it and then absorb the result
64
Two samples of fungi filaments (hyphae) 400 meters apart, what is possible?
Both samples are from the same individual. They're from two individuals. DNA shows decent amount of variation. DNA is identical
65
What is hyphae?
Soil fungus filaments
66
What is mycelium?
Net made of hyphae
67
What are characteristics of mycelium?
High surface area to volume ratio. Covers a lot of space. Diffusion and active absorption is easier
68
Describe the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants
Hyphae bring nutrients to plant roots and in return receive glucose and carbohydrates
69
What is mycorrhizal contact?
Interaction from the mycelium bringing nutrients through the hyphae to plant roots either inside or outside of cells
70
What are endomycorrhizae?
Hyphae that penetrate root cell walls
71
What are ectomycorrhizae?
Hyphae that do not penetrate the root cell walls
72
What shape does endomycorrhizae grow into when inside the cell wall?
Arbuscule, small tree structures
73
What is the molecule containing energy that plants can make?
Glucose
74
When did plants move to land?
470 million years ago
75
The Hardy-Weinberg equation applies to
Populations, groups of individuals
76
Mendel started with 50/50 proportions of shape alleles in P1. The F2 phenotype was 75% round, what were the proportions of alleles?
50% one and 50% the other allele
77
What are we talking about when we say "incomplete dominance" or "codominance"?
Alleles
78
When did atmospheric oxygen become biologically relevant on planet earth?
2.5 billion years ago
79
What does the multi-cellular body plan show?
Phylogeny of all eukaryotes
80
What are some problems plants faced when they came to land?
Gravity, body shape, dehydration, sunlight, UV
81
Mushrooms are condensed ___
Hyphae
82
Soil fungus is a ___ of all fungi
Subset
83
What are the blue blobs in the arbuscule drawing?
Water filled vacuole
84
Arbuscules are ___ a root cell wall and are ___ that enable mycorrhizae
Inside, specialized hyphae
85
How long ago did bacteria and eukaryotes diverge?
3-4 billion years ago
86
How long ago did humans and chimps diverge?
About 6 million years ago
87
When drawing an evolutionary tree we always assume the ___ amount of ___
Least, mutations
88
Organism has a mutation that caused it to make a different protein from all others. The mutation made what now be different?
An allele, a gene, a chromosome
89
What do you do to find the simplest tree?
Draw all possible trees
Count the number of times a phenotype had to appear/disappear
Simplest tree wins
90
If Species A is (c,h,w), B is (0,h,w,) and C is (c,0,0), how many mutations had to happen for all three to exist if we known that all common ancestors had none of these?
3+2+1=6
91
What is parsimony?
Saying to choose the evolutionary tree with the fewest mutations because mutations are uncommon and generally negative
92
An organism's genome is
All of the DNA in an average somatic cell from an organism
93
Why is physically between genes on a chromosome?
More nucleotides
94
What would be different comparing genomes of distantly related species?
Nucleotides, alleles, genes, chromosomes
95
Human genotype is mutating ___ than mice and chimps
Faster
96
What is epistasis?
Two dominant genes interacting
97
What do transcription factors do?
Determine which genes are copied into DNA. RNA results in protein
98
Explain the process of protein development
The transcription factor gene goes through transcription to become RNA. This RNA goes through translation to become different proteins (transcription factors) that can show RNA polymerase what genes to make, shows what protein to make
99
Genes that show little variation are mostly for?
Structure and development
100
Homeotic genes are?
Genes that control body structure and development
101
What is the same regarding body structure through all eukaryotes
180-base pair sequence in the homeotic gene, called a homeobox
102
What would likely be different comparing genomes within a species?
Nucleotides and alleles
103
What do homeotic genes determine?
Order of development of babies and which transcription factors are made
104
If creatures have the same 180-base pair sequence, what is likely?
There is little to no variation in the alleles, the creatures have a shared common ancestor, these creatures are related to eachother
105
What is the common ancestor of the creatures that have the same 180-base pair sequence?
Multi-celled eukaryote
106
Do you think the cells of the leaves contain different genes?
No
107
Plant cells expand by?
Taking on water inside it's vacuole
108
Plants use mirofibrils to?
Constrict plant growth to expand vertically
109
Growth patterns can be either?
Lineage based or position based
110
Animals are ___ based
Lineage
111
Plants are ___ based
Position
112
What does it mean that a growth pattern is position based?
The growth is determined from input from the surrounding cells or environment
113
What does the GLABRA-2 gene do?
When expressed, the root hair doesn't grow
114
Under what conditions is the GLABRA-2 gene expressed?
Expressed in cells next to cells with hair
115
Flower development genes are called?
A,B,C
116
What are the rules with flower development genes?
A and C replace each other
117
Which flower parts did Mendel remove?
Stamen
118
Animal body plans focus on?
Developmental stages
119
What does a diplobastic germ cell type include?
Only includes the endoderm and ectoderm
120
What does a triploblastic germ cell type include?
Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
121
What is a coelom?
Space in the cell
122
What characterizes a protostome?
Mouth develops from blastopore
123
What characterizes a deuterostome?
Anus develops from blastopore
124
Cellular respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse. True or false?
False
125
Humans change the color of trees so that moths are mostly the wrong color to hide. The portion of the population of the moths with the can't hide color plummets. This is an example of ___ selection
Natural
126
Mendel started with 50/50 proportion of flower color alleles in P1. The F2 phenotype had what proportion white and what proportion purple?
75% purple and 25% white
127
What do creatures ranging from wasps to corals to rabbits have in common?
Identical nucleotide sequences that control structural development. Talking about the 180 base pairs
128
Define evolution
Change of allele percentages/frequencies in a population
129
What is translation?
Using RNA to specify amino acids
130
How is a stoma formed?
Epidermal cell goes through asymmetrical cell division forming another epidermal cell and a guard cell. As the guard cell develops, a space occurs called the stoma
131
How do guard cells function?
Open and close based on the water inside
132
Define coelomate body structure
Coelom (hole) is surrounded by the mesoderm
133
Define pseudocoelomate structure
Pseudocoelom (hole) isn't surrounded by mesoderm
134
Define acoelomate structure
Don't have a hole
135
Are humans protostomes or deuterostomes?
Deuterostomes
136
What are the two types of symmetry?
Radial and bilateral
137
What does it mean to be bilaterally symmetrical?
Symmetrical along a vertical wall
138
What does it mean to be radially symmetric?
Symmetrical among pie wedge
139
What are charophytes?
Green Algae
140
What are the characters that charophytes share with modern plants
Proteins that make cellulose form it in a ring
Flagellated sperm
Phragmoplast formation, finer points of cell division
141
What are differences between plants and their ancestors?
```
Alternation of generations
Multicellular embryos
Spores with coatings
Enclosed "gamete" markers
Specific growth places
Waxy covering + stomata
```
142
What are plants?
Embryophytes
143
What does alternation of generations mean?
Organism spends part of its life haploid and part diploid
144
Eggs are made where?
Archegonia
145
Pollen are made where?
Antheridia
146
What facilitates upwards growth?
Apical Meristem
147
Cut off the shoot apical meristem, plant will?
Grow bushy and stop going up
148
Put a nail 5' up in a 10' tall growing tree. About how high will the nail be when the tree is 30'?
About 5'
149
How do the cells grow from the shoot apical meristem?
Up and out
150
What does a waxy cuticle do?
Prevents the plant from drying out
151
___ regulates gas exchange
Stomata
152
Why would the stomata close?
Because the plant is drying out
153
What is the most successful phyla of plants?
Angiosperms
154
Flowering plants probably experienced?
Adaptive radiation
155
What is adaptive radiation
Things separate, getting more detailed
156
A seed is best thought of as?
An embryo
