Biology-Course 1-The cell (part one) Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
biology
A
the study of living things including fungi, animals, plants, bacteria, and protists (unicellular/eukaryotic organisms)
2
Q
biosphere
A
contains all living things on earth & ecosystems on which they rely
3
Q
the hierarchical levels of organization
A
1.atom
2.molecule
3.cell organelles
4.cell
5.tissue
6.organ
7.organ system
8.organism
9.population
10.biocensosis
11.ecosystem
12.biosphere
4
Q
homeostasis
A
maintaining internal conditions w/in organism
5
Q
steps of the scientific method
A
1.observation
2.asking questions
3.formulate hypothesis
4.testable prediction
5.designing experiment
6.conducting experiment
7.analyzing data & drawing conclusion
6
Q
control group in scientific expirement
A
continues under existing conditions
7
Q
experimental group in scientific experiment
A
exposed to what is being tested
8
Q
variable in scientific expirement
A
factor that can be changed in expirement
9
Q
controlled variable in scientific experiment
A
factor that does not change
10
Q
manipulated/independent variable in scientific experiment
A
factor that is purposefully changed
11
Q
responding/dependent variable in scientific experiment
A
result of that change in experimental group
12
Q
null hypothesis
A
primary/first hypothesis being tested
13
Q
alternate hypothesis
A
offers other option if null hypothesis is rejected
14
Q
deductive reasoning vs inductive reasoning
A
deductive: big picture data
inductive: specific observation and drawing broader conclusion from it
15
Q
quantitative vs qualitative data
A
quan:numerical data (mass, temp)
qual: observational data/approximations that are not numerical
16
Q
secondary literature review
A
summarization, interpretation, conclusion made from primary literature source
17
Q
scientific theory
A
tested & confirmed explanation for a set of observations considered the foundation of scientific knowledge
18
Q
what are populations of organisms controlled by
A
environment, social learning, natural selection, genetics
19
Q
element
A
smallest substance that can not be broken down by chemical reaction
20
Q
how many elements are there
A
118, 94 natural, 24 unstable
21
Q
who organized elements in periodic table and when
A
dmitri mendeleev, 1869
22
Q
atom
A
smallest component of an element that retains its chemical properties
23
Q
nucleus
A
central region of an atom that is contains positively charged particles (protons)
24
Q
atomic number
A
of protons in atom
25
atomic mass
equals protons plus avge number of neutrons
26
what charge has a mass of 0
electron
27
who developed the original solar system model for the atom
niels bohr
28
what is the solar system depiction of an atom
circular orbit, called electron shell, of electrons around the nucleus of an atom
29
isotope
the same element (protons & electrons) but diff number of neutrons. same chemical properties but diff stabilities
30
how many electrons does the first shell hold in a chemical bond
2
31
how many electrons does the 2nd shell hold in chemical bond
8
32
how many electrons does the 3rd shell hold in chemical bond
18
33
valence electrons
electrons in the outermost shell
34
ionic bond
bond b/w two atoms by the loss and gain of electron in outermost shell
35
ion
charged atom due to chemical bond
36
anion
neg charged atom
37
cation
pos charged atom
38
covalent bond
bonded atoms by sharing valence electrons
39
molecule
joined atoms by covalent bond, smallest unit of a compound that maintains the same properties of that compound
40
nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
41
polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons
42
when do you typically see nonpolar covalent bonds
two identical nonmetals, with compounds either gas or liquid at room temp
43
bent molecule
molecules with lone pairs that repel creating v shape
44
dipole
space of separation in water molecule due to having regions of charge
45
which molecules have dipoles
polar
46
hydrogen bridge bonds
weak attractions b/w H in water molecules with weak attractions
47
what is considered the universal solvent
water molecule
48
what is responsible for surface tension
cohesion attraction
49
cohesion attraction
water attracted to itself
50
what is responsible for capillary action
adhesion attraction
51
adhesion attraction
water molecule attracted to other substances
52
what is the role of H bonding in boiling point of water
O is light, w/out H, ice would melt into temps that are lower than earth can reach. With H bonding, the melting & boiling points are high enough that ice and liquid can be created
53
acid
substance that increases concentration of H ions in a solution
54
base
hydroxide ions combine w/ H ions and reduce H in solution
55
hydronium ion
formed from strong acids in breaking up hydrogen ions (three hydrogen oxide ion)
56
strong acids have an excess of what
H
57
strong bases have an excess of what
hydroxide ions
58
what is the process of ionization
dissociation of small percentage of water molecule into equal number of H + hydroxide ions. Hydroxide ions bind to free H ions to generate new water molecule
59
biologic chemistry
study of chemical pathways and reactions of organisms
60
macromolecules
large molecules as building blocks for cells
61
what are the macromolecules
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
62
carbon atom
basis of life & central biological functions
63
what is the function of proteins
control structure & function of cells
64
what is the chemical makeup of proteins
polymer made of different amino acid combinations linked together
65
polymer
larger substance made of monomers
66
monomer
large molecule
67
how many amino acids are there
20
68
what is the chemical makeup of an amino acid
central carbon that binds to H atom
two functional groups-amino acid group & carboxyl group
variable side chain (R group)
69
what is the function of an R group in an amino acid
determines unique chemical makeup associated with the 20 diff amino acids
70
peptide bond
bond that chains amino acids together
71
polypeptide bond
multiple amino acids with peptide bonds
72
what are essential amino acids
cannot by synthesized by the body
73
how is a protein formed from amino acids
when several polypeptides are folded together into a specific shape via dehydration process
74
what is peptide transference refer to in the dehydration process
enzyme catalyst
75
what is residue in the dehydration process
what remains after water molecule has been removed
76
what are the essential acids that need to be obtained through diet
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methiodine, phenylalanine, threonine, typtophan, valine
77
what are the amino acids that are made by the body
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, asparagine acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glutamine acid, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine
78
what are the three types of proteins
enzymes, antibodies, structural proteins
79
enzymes
protein that catalyzes reactions
80
antibodies
proteins essential for immune system
81
what is a lock and key model for proteins
active site has a specific site for its substrate that once bonded the reaction can take place
82
what are the structural levels of a protein
primary
secondary
tertiary
quanternary
83
primary structure of a protein
connection of amino acids to form polypeptide chains
84
secondary structure of a protein
folded regions that result in alpha-helices or b-pleated sheets
85
alpha-helices secondary structure of protein
occurs when peptide chain coils into a helix & H bonds form b/w the coils, the R group side chains are on the outside of helices
86
b-pleated sheets secondary structure of protein
H bonding b/w amino hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens in which portions of the polypeptide chain turns back in on itself like an accordian
87
tertiary structure of proteins
three dimensional shape driven by hydrophobic areas of the protein that prefer to be buried inside cell structure
88
quanternary structure of proteins
arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains to form larger protein
89
pepsin
protein that breaks down other proteins into smaller peptides & amino acids, used for nutrition
90
what shape do pepsin hold
b-pleated sheets
91
what are complex protein structures sensitive to
temp, PH, salt
92
denaturation
protein unfolding from it's natural structure (typically loses protein function)
93
carbohydrates
macromolecule, most abundant and naturally occurring
94
function of carbohydrates
energy source
95
photosynthesis
process of converting carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose which provides a way for plants to synthesize carbs
96
three classes of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
97
monosaccharide
simple sugar-simplest form of carb that cannot be broken down into further sugar
98
chemical makeup of monosaccharide
alcohol group and carbonyl group C=O
99
how many atoms do monosacchardies contain
5-6
100
what chemical forms are monosaccharides found in
cyclical or open chain forms
101
are monosaccharides water soluble
yes
102
what are examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA)
103
dissaccharide
two sugars bonded together
104
polysaccharide
polymer chain of saccharides
105
example of disaccharide
sucrose, lactose
106
what is lactose
disaccharide made of two sugar molecules (table sugar)
107
how is lactose made
dehydration process of glucose and galactose
108
what is lactose intolerance
lack of protein lactase
109
what is the purpose of protein lactase
catalyzes the reaction to break apart lactose so it's energy can be stores or used by the body
110
how is sucrose made
elimination of water & condensation of two sugar molecules
111
polysaccharides
linked monosaccharides
112
glycogen
energy stored in liver and muscles
113
starches
used for energy in plants
114
is starch water soluble
yes
115
cellulose
used for stem structure in plants
116
is cellulose water soluble
insoluble
117
what is cellulose used for in humans
dietary fiber that passes through body unchanged that collects unwanted residue
118
what are examples of polysaccharides
glycogen, cellulose, starch
119
lipids
non polar macromolecule
120
are lipid water soluble
insoluble
121
what are simple lipids
contain only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
122
complex lipids
C, H, O and additional elements such as N, phosphorous, sulfur
123
fatty acids
simple lipids w/ long chain carbon atoms bonded only to H w/ carboxyl group
124
chemical makeup of carboxyl group
-COOH
125
four groups of lipids
fatty acids, waxes, steroids phospholipids
126
waxes
fatty acids with long chain alcohols
127
chemical makeup of long chain alcohols
many carbons w/ an -OH attached at the end
128
where are waxes found
coating of plant leaves
129
triglycerides
fatty acids w/ glycerol, fats when solid at room temp and oils if liquid at room temp
130
the three triglycerides
glycerol, unsaturated fats, saturated fats
131
what is the most obtained fat from diet
glycerol
132
unsaturated fat
triglyceride with at least one double bond
133
saturated fat
fats without any carbon double chains and are "saturated" with H atoms
134
where do unsaturated fats come from
obtained from food such as avocados, fish, tree nuts
135
where do saturated fats come from
animal fats such as red meat
136
phospholipids
similar to fatty acids w/ a phosphate group at the end
137
chemical makeup of phospholipids
long carbon chains & phosphate heads line up so that polar phosphate heads form one side & nonpolar chains form the other side
138
function of phospholipids
building blocks of cell membranes
139
steroids
simple lipids w/base structure of four connected hydrocarbon rings
140
function of steroids
component of cell membrane fluidity & cell signaling
141
example of steroids
testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol
142
function of cholesterol
"glue" of cell membrane
143
example of common medicinal steroid
prednisone
144
nucleic acids
made of nucleotides, made of three components -
1.5-carbon sugar (ribose)
2.phophate group
3.nitrogenous base
145
nucleotides
molecules used for building blocks of rna/dna
146
what are the two classes of nucleic acids
dna, rna
147
where is DNA found
nucleus
148
function of DNA
genetic blueprint, carries genetic info that makes decisions for the cells
149
what genetic info does DNA makes decisions on
cell type
cell function
cell growth/division
cell survivability
150
what is the function of phosphate groups
backbone to which all sugars and bases are bonded
151
chemical makeup of RNA
oxygen on one ribose carbons in the polymer chain forming single helical strands
152
chemical makeup of DNA
double helix strand
153
what are the four complementary monomers that make up nucleotides
RNA:
cytosine-guanine
adenine-uracil
DNA:
cytosine-guanine
adenine-thymine
154
who discovered the double helix structure of dna and when?
watson, crick, franklin 1953
155
