Biology-Course 1-The cell (part two) Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
what cells are identifiable under a light microscope
A
fungi, bacteria, inflammatory, yeast
2
Q
what part of a cell is identifiable under a light microscope
A
the cell wall
3
Q
what type of microscope can explore internal structures w/in the cell
A
electron
4
Q
electron microscopes hold what magnification
A
100,000x actual sample size
5
Q
define cellular theory
A
defining principles that describe characteristics of a cell that are distilled into six primary tenets
6
Q
what are the six tenets of cell theory
A
1.all living organisms are made from cells
2.cells are the basic unit of life
3.all cells arise from preexisting cells
4.hereditary info is passed from cell to cell
5.all cells have the same basic chemical composition
6.energy flow occurs within cells
7
Q
what are the components of every cell
A
1.plasma membrane
2.cytosol
3.organelles
4.cytoplasm
5.containes chromosomes
6. contains ribosomes
8
Q
cytosol
A
jelly like fluid in which cellular organelles are suspended
9
Q
cytoplasm
A
space w/in cell that contains cytosol
10
Q
function of ribosomes
A
synthesizes proteins
11
Q
what are the two different divisions of cells
A
prokaryotic (unicellular), eukaryotic
12
Q
define prokaryotic cells
A
unicellular chromosome that lack internal division
13
Q
is prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells smaller
A
prokaryotic
14
Q
what is the diameter of prokaryotic cells
A
0.5-1.0 micrometers
15
Q
what are the defining characteristics of prokaryotic cells
A
do not have nucleus, do not have membrane bound organelles
16
Q
what are the two domains of prokaryotic cells
A
archaea, bacteria
17
Q
what are the internal structures of prokaryotic cells
A
pili
cell wall
plasma membrane
capsule
cytoplasm
ribosomes
nucleoid
flagellum
18
Q
pili
A
hair like found on surface of cell that helps adhere to extracellular surfaces (for prokaryotic cells)
19
Q
cell wall
A
rigid layer of sugar based molecules that provide structure & protection
20
Q
plasma membrane
A
cellular bilayer composed of phospholipids and proteins w/selective permeability
21
Q
function of plasma membrane
A
controls passage of molecules, ions and proteins in & out of cell
22
Q
capsule
A
sugar containing layer associated with virulence of bacteria
23
Q
ribosomes
A
sphere shaped structures composed of RNA & protein
24
Q
function of ribosomes
A
site of protein synthesis
25
nucleoid
irregular shaped holding most of genetic information
26
flaggellum
tail like appendage that enables movement
27
what are bacterial examples of prokaryotes
1.escherichia coli (ecoli)-causes UTI in small animals
2.streptococcus equi-respiratory inf in horses
28
what is archaea know for
extremophiles (able to live in very harsh environments)
29
example of archaea
live in geothermal geysers in yellow stone national park where no other type of life can survive
30
what are the defining features of eukaryotes from prokaryotes
1.membrane-bound nucleus
2.mambrane-bound organelles
3.rod-shaped chromosomes where DNA is stored
31
nucleus
central processing center &directs cell activities
32
what are the cellular components of eukaryotes
cellular membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
chromosomes &chromatin
nucleolus
ribosomes
endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
33
what is the plasma membrane embedded with
glycoproteins
34
what molecules does plasma membrane control passage for
organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia
35
microvilli
finger like projections that increase cells surface area for prolonged contact w/fluid (for eukaryotic cells)
36
what does the cytoplasm contain
cytosol
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what is cytoplasm mostly made up of
70-80% water
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what makes up the semisolid consistency of cytoplasm
dissolved proteins and other chemicals
39
what is considered the brain of the cell
nucleus
40
function of the nucleus
directs all cell activities, controls DNA transcription & synthesis
41
nuclear envelope
double membrane surrounding nucleus & offers extra protection separating from cytoplasm
42
what can happen if the nuclear envelope becomes damaged
cell can die or produce damaged/nonviable daughter cells
43
nucleoplasm
semi-soft fluid containing nucleolus and chromatin
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function of nucleoplasm
allow passage of RNA, ion, molecules b/w nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
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chromosomes
linear structures that contain DNA
46
chromatin
made of thousands of nucleotides in each DNA strand, coiled into smaller units that appears as a "diffuse mass". (during cell division) these coils become tighter & more pronounced as separate structures
47
nucleolus
non membrane bound w/in nucleus
48
function of nucleolus
produces ribosomes
49
what is the process of ribosomes in DNA transcription
leave the nuclear envelope & float freely into cytoplasm or stick to sides of nuclear envelope or ER
uses amino acids floating around in cytosol to replicate genetic code to make new proteins
50
what type of protein is ribosomes composed of
rRNA
51
cells that have higher rates of ribosomes result in?
increased protein synthesis
52
examples of cells that contain more ribosomes
pancreatic cells responsible for digestive proteins
53
endomembrane system
the nuclear membrane & ER
54
what is the function of the endomembrane system
carries out protein synthesis, transports of proteins & other molecules across membrane, detoxification of poisons
55
endoplasmic reticulum
plasma membrane that folds in on itself w/in the cell
56
what accounts for more than half the membranes w/in the cell
ER
57
what is the ER composed of
cisternae
lumen
58
cisternae
sacs &tubules that composes the ER
59
lumen
internal parts of the cisternae that are large enough to allow cellular products to move through it to other regions of the cell
60
what are the two types of ER
smooth
rough
61
what is the diff b/w smooth and rough ER
smooth has few to no ribosomes
rough has ribosomes
62
function of smooth ER
MANUFACTURES lipids & fats, DETOXIFICATION function for the cell, STORES calcium ions used to contract muscles
63
function of rough ER
ER and ribosomes work together to produce proteins, ribosomes release their protein products into lumen of rough ER where crude protein products are folded, processed & transported to other parts of the cell
64
Golgi apparatus
flat sacs stacked on the side of the cell
"shipping & receiving" center of the cell
finished producing protein & lipid products produced in ER, packaging into vesicles & sending them to other regions of the cell
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cis face of the Golgi apparatus
one side that is a wide arc & considered the "front door" in receiving.
66
trans face of the Golgi apparatus
other side from cis face where finished products leave
67
mitochondria
"powerhouse" of the cell specializing in ATP
68
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, energy carrying molecule produces by cellular respiration
69
cellular respiration
process of making ATP from O, glucose, and other nutrients
70
what does cellular respiration produce as waste
carbon dioxide
71
what is an example of cells that have more mitochondria
muscle cells
72
what are the four compartments of mitochondria
outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
the matrix
73
what does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain
cristae (folds)
74
lysosomes
cells recycling center
breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, old organelles into products of amino acids and peptides
75
describe process of autophagy
recycling process where damaged organelles/protein is encapsulated in cell membrane
lysosome attaches to outside
digestive enzyme dismantles material & sends amino acids & other material back to cytoplasm
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peroxisomes
responsible for breaking down cellular products
77
how do peroxisomes differ from lysosomes
peroxisomes primarily break down lipids & fats
78
vesicles & vacuoles
membrane surrounded sacs located in the cytoplasm that have similar storage & transport functions, can bond to other membranes and move cell material around cell
79
how do vacuoles and vesicles differ
vacuoles membranes never fuse to other membranes, are bigger than vesicles
80
what cell material do vesicles & vacuoles move
ribosomes, amino acids
81
exocytosis
molecules being released from vacuoles
82
endocytosis
process of molecules brought into the cell
83
are plant or animal cells larger
plant
84
what is the size of plant cells
10-100 micrometers
85
what is the size of animal cells
10-30 micrometers
86
what structures are found in plant cells and not in animal cells
cell wall
chloroplasts
large vacuoles
amyloplasts
87
what give the green color in plants
chlorophyll
88
chloroplasts
two membraned oval shaped organelle in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and processes photosynthesis
89
what is included in the inner membrane of chloroplasts
thylakoids & stroma
90
thylakoids
flattened interconnected sacks and houses photosynthesis
91
grana
stacked thylakoids (like coins)
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stroma
fluid outside of the sacks that contain ribosomes & chloroplast DNA and enzymes used for photosynthesis
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what organelle is closely related to chloroplasts
plastids
94
what do plastids include
amyloplasts, chromoplasts, responsible for manufacturing & storing food
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amyloplasts
colorless & store and synthesis starch in the roots
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chromoplasts
store pigments that give fruit and veggies their color
97
cell wall
membrane that gives plant cells stability & protection
98
large vacuoles
membrane bound within cytoplasm of plant cell w/ definitive structural role
99
characteristic of large vacuoles
capable of swelling
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function of large vacuoles
maintain shape, take up water, provide storage for nutrients and waste products
101
how much space can large vacuoles take up in plant cells cytoplasm
up to 90%
102
what can the starch be used for in storage in amyloplasts
can be converted to glucose which can then be used for metabolic pathways & energy
103
negative feedback loop
homeostatic process that changes direction of stimulus to reduce stimulus
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positive feedback loop
maintains or enhances stimulus to result in organism to get back to homeostasis
105
thermoregulation
exchange of heat w/ surroundings where warm blooded animals regulate internal temp
106
ectotherms
depend on external environment to set body temperature
107
example of ectotherms
fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates (cold blooded)
108
what are the types of thermoregulation
radiation
evaporation
convection
conduction
109
radiation in thermoregulation
loss of electromagnetic radiation as heat waves
110
example of radiation in thermoregulation
the heat an organism feels/senses when another one is near
111
evaporation in thermoregulation
loss of heat as liquid becomes gas
112
convection in thermoregulation
loss of heat due to air movement
113
example of convection thermoregulation
using a fair to cool body off
114
cellular transport
the movement of liquids, molecules, proteins, ion, & other solutes into and out of cell, to maintain internal stability
115
what are the two layers of the plasma membrane
hydrophilic (water attracting)
hydrophobic (water repelling)
116
structure of the plasma membrane
hydrophobic layer lines up next to eachother, sandwiched b/w two hydrophillic outer sides
117
what is the fluid mosaic model
existing hypothesis how all different parts of the cell membrane are organized
118
describe existing theory of fluid mosaic model
membrane is not static set of molecules linked, rather that the phospholipids are held together by hydrophobic interaction that are weaker than covalent bonds
119
what are the two major populations of proteins in the cell (plasma) membrane
integral proteins
peripheral proteins
120
integral proteins
span entire membrane on both hydrophillic and hydrophobic layers
120
peripheral proteins in cell membrane
not apart of cell membrane however are appendages on surface of cell
120
what is the role of carbs in the fluid mosaic model
they bond to either lipid or proteins of cell membrane to form specialized sites on cell surface
stimulates immune system when it detects foreign invader
120
function of integral proteins
transportation
121
passive transport
movement of ions & other substances across cell membrane w/out input of energy
121
function of peripheral proteins
add to stability by binding w/fibers
serve as attachments sites for enzymes or as cell recognition sites
122
does passive transport happen spontaneously or voluntarily?
spontaneous & automatically
123
what determines the rate of passive transport
the permeability of the cell membrane
124
what is the role of diffusion in passive transport
substances moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration w/out needing to use energy
125
when does diffusion stop in passive transport
when the concentration becomes equal throughout space
126
what is an example of diffusion
spray of an air freshner
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what is the concentration gradient in passive transport
the concentration difference between a region w/ high concentration & region w/ low concentration
128
what does the concentration gradient influence
the direction in which a substance will flow
129
what is facilitated diffusion
a form of passive diffusion that involving transport proteins that can function as either channels or carriers enabling selective passage for certain molecules
130
what are channel proteins in facilitated diffusion
acts as channels that are big enough for large molecules, can have polarity that accepts polar/charged molecules to facilitate movement through the membrane
131
what are carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion
proteins that bind substance & help it across the membrane generally specific for one substance
132
where are carrier proteins located
embedded in plasma membrane
133
osmosis
diffusion of water from areas of high concentration to low concentration across selective permeable membrane, often prompted by introduction of solution of higher concentration in or outside of well where water will be driven to
134
isotonic solution
concentration of solutes w/in a cell equal to concentration outside of cell
135
what happens to water in isotonic solution
water moves across membrane to an equal rate in both directions
136
what is an example of isotonic solution
lactated ringers
137
hypotonic solution
concentration of solutes outside of cell is lower than inside the cell
138
what happens to water in hypotonic solution
water outside the cell will move down concentration gradient into the cell
139
what may be the result of hypotonic solution
cell may swell or burst
140
example of hypotonic solution
sodium chloride
141
hypertonic solution
concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than inside the cell
142
what will water do with hypertonic solutions
move down its gradient out of the cell causing cell to shrink
143
osmotic pressure
determines force in water moving across gradient
144
active transport
occurs when cells must use energy to move molecules molecules/ions/proteins/liquids/solutes into regions that already have high concentration of the substance
145
does active transport go with or against the concentration gradient
against
146
membrane potential
an electrical potential b/w one side of selective permeability and the other determining how much charge is necessary to move substance across membrane
147
chemical gradient
difference in concentration of a specific molecule, protein, or liquid on either side of membrane
148
electrical gradient
difference b/w concentration of electrical charges on either side of membrane
149
electrochemical gradient
combination of electrical and chemical gradient
150
how does active transport interact with electrochemical gradient
spends energy in the form of ATP to facilitate transport
151
sodium-potassium pump
common active enzymatic transport tool found in eukaryotic cell membranes facilitating active transport and regulating internal cellular physiology by monitoring sodium & potassium ions
152
role of NA & K ions in body function
cell function, metabolic function, signal transmission
153
what is the goal/role of the sodium potassium pump
maintain concentration K inside the cell high/ NA inside the cell low & K outside the cell low/NA outside cell high
154
what are the specific steps of the sodium-potassium pump
1. three sodium ions bind to open sodium-potassium pump inside the cell
2.ATP is split, phosphate group from ATP is attached to pump
3.causes enymatic reaction to change shape & reorientate to open outside the cell
4.three sodium ions are released outside of the cell
5.two potassium ions bind to pump & phosphate group detaches
6.losing phosphate group results in return of enzyme shape to reorientate to open inside the cell
6.the two potassium ions are released inside the cell and cycle starts over
155
what keeps the inside of the cell negatively charged
net loss of one positive charged ion in each cycle of sodium-potassium pump
156
is endocytosis active or passive transport
active transport of molecules, food, and other substances
157
what are the three pathways of endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated
158
phagocytosis
movement of large particles through cell membrane encasing the particle in package called food vacuole (phagosome) & moved into cytoplasm
159
process of phagocytosis
once the cell encapsulates particle, fuses with lysosome & enzyme breaks the food into usable material for the cell
160
pinocytosis
form of endocytosis in which plasma membrane wraps itself around liquid outside of the cell, the cell is not absorbing solid particle but rather dissolved molecule and ions
161
difference b/w pino and phagocystosis
phago is specific to particle
pino is nonspecific dissolved material
162
receptor-mediated endocytosis
site receptors on cell membrane create pits in cell plasma, once receptors have filled, signal is sent to close pit off and ingest
163
what form of endocytosis is most specific
receptor-mediated, requires the recognition of molecule by cell receptor site
164
what is cell specialization
process in which generic cells evolve to specialize in specific cells to form certain functions
165
zygote
where all specialized cells arise from, formed in fertilization, contains all genetic information for new organism
166
cellular potency
the ability of cells to become another type of cell
167
do highly specialized cells have high or low cellular potency
low
168
unspecialized cells have high or low cellular potency
high
169
what are the types of cellular potency in cell specialization
totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
unipotent
170
totipotent
single cell ability to produce any number of cell types within an organism
171
how are totipotent cells unique
form all cell types in an organism
172
example of totipotent
zygote cells
173
pluripotent
cells that can give rise to other cells
174
example of pluripotent cells
embryonic cells
175
multipotent cells
cells that are specialized that can differentiate into closely related cell types
176
example of multipotent cell
epithelial stem cell may evolve to be skin cell or hair cell
177
unipotent cells
have differentiated & specialized in that it can only produce one type of cell and are able to cell renew
178
what are the specific types of specialized cells
neurons, red blood cells, muscle cells, stem cells
179
neurons
cells that carry messages throughout body using electrical signaling
180
what are the shape of neurons
long, branched that allow for multiple connections& rapid messaging
181
red blood cells
carry capacity & ability to exchange gases
182
what is the shape of red blood cells
"life raft" outer ridge w/ middle indentation
183
muscle cells
capable of producing powerful contractile force
184
stem cells
building blocks of an organism and served as repair kit for cells throughout lifetime, able to reproduce for long periods of time
185
do stem cells have high or low cellular potency
high
186
what are the four types of stem cells
embryonic
adult stem
hemopoietic stem
induced pluripotent stem
187
what type of cell potency is embryonic stem cells
pluripotent that can reproduce many times
188
where are embryonic stem cells found
embryo/fetus, umbilical cord blood or grown in lab
189
what type of cellular potency are adult stem cells
either multipotent or unipotent
190
where are adult stem cells found
bone marrow
191
hemopoietic stem cells
replace red blood cells and can become other types of blood cells but not other cells
192
how long before red blood cells start to wear out
28 days
193
what do hemopoietic stem cells lack
the ability to divide and produce other red blood cells due to lack of DNA within cells
194
induced pluripotent stem cells
multipotent adult stem cells that have been modified with a virus to return to natural embryonic state
195
