biology gas exchange and circulation

Question 1

raspitory surfaces

Answer 1

must be thin and moist for quicker diffusion of O2 and CO2

Question 2

gills

Answer 2

žiaunos
gill filaments bearing many platelike lamellae
gills absorb O2 dissolved in water

Question 3

countercurrent exchange

Answer 3

the transfer of a substance such as oxygen between two fluids flowing in opposite directions

Question 4

operculum

Answer 4

gill cover

Question 5

advantages of breathing air

Answer 5

air contains a much higher concentration of O2
air is much lighter and easier to move our body within (less energy is used)

Question 6

diaphragm

Answer 6

separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
helps ventilate the lungs

Question 7

mucus and cilia

Answer 7

in the raspitory passeges protect the lungs from contaminants and dust

Question 8

inhalation

Answer 8

the contraction of rib muscles and the diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity, reducing air pressure in the alveoli and drawing air into the lungs

Question 9

exhalation

Answer 9

the relaxation of rib muscle and the diaphragm contract the thoracic cavity, increasing air pressure in alveoli, leading to exhalation

Question 10

vital capacity

Answer 10

the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with each breath

Question 11

normal blood pH

Answer 11

about 7.4
CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3 <–> H+ + HCO3-

Question 12

how our brain indicates the amount of CO2 in our blood?

Answer 12

MEDULLA by sensing the pH of our cerebrospinal fluid
Medulla oblongata - the bottom-most part of your brain

Question 13

why molluscs blood is blue?

Answer 13

oxygen is bound to copper-containing pigment, which is blue

Question 14

fish heart

Answer 14

two-chambered
heart pumps blood in a single circulation

Question 15

land vertebrates

Answer 15

double circulation
pulmonary (heart and lungs) and systematic circuit (heart and the rest of the body)

Question 16

blood flow through the double circulatory system in humans

Answer 16

• drains from the superior vena cava (from the head and arms) or inferior vena cava (from the lower trunk and legs) into the right atrium
• moves out to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
• returns from the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
• leaves the heart through the aorta

Question 17

diastole

Answer 17

blood flows from the veins into the heart chambers

Question 18

systole

Answer 18

contractions of the atria push blood into the ventricles, and then stronger contractions of the ventricles propel blood into the large arteries

Question 19

valves

Answer 19

vožtuvai
semilunar valve
AV valve

Question 20

cardiac output

Answer 20

the volume of blood that each ventricle pumps per minute

Question 21

heart rate

Answer 21

number of heartbeats per minute

Question 22

AV valve

Answer 22

between atrium and ventricle

Question 23

semilunar valve

Answer 23

between ventricle and pulmonary artery / aorta

Question 24

SA node

Answer 24

sinoatrial node
generates electrical impulses in atria
set the rate of heart contractions

Question 25

AV node

Answer 25

atrioventricular node
relays signals from AV node to the ventricles
trigger ventricular contractions

Question 26

ECG

Answer 26

electrocardiogram

Question 27

stroke

Answer 27

death of the brain tissue due to lack of O2

Question 28

atherosclerosis

Answer 28

During the course of this disease, fatty deposits called plaques develop in the inner walls of arteries, narrowing the blood vessel through which blood can flow

Question 29

blood consists of

Answer 29

plasma
red blood cells
white blood celss
platelets

Question 30

amenia

Answer 30

low number of red blood cells

Question 31

hormone erytropoietin (EPO)

Answer 31

stimulates the bone marrow to produce
more red blood cells

Question 32

fibrin inactive form

Answer 32

fibrinogen

Question 33

leukemia

Answer 33

cancer of white blood cells