cognitive neuroscience memory

Question 1

episodic memory

Answer 1

details of everyday life
type of long-term memory that stores personal experiences and specific events that have happened in one’s life
autobiographical and subjective, consisting of episodes or episodes of one’s life
relies on the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus in the brain

Question 1

types of memory

Answer 1

long term
short term (working)

Question 2

semantic memory

Answer 2

semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge and facts about the world
mental encyclopedia of knowledge
vocabulary, mathematical facts, and historical events are also part of semantic memory
relies on the language and reasoning centers of the brain

Question 3

long term declarative (explicit) memory

Answer 3

episodic memory, semantic memory
concious memory

Question 4

implicit

Answer 4

non-declarative memory, meaning it’s not easy to put into words or consciously recall
type of long-term memory that involves the unconscious influence of past experiences on current behaviors, even without conscious awareness
HM implicit memory was normal

Question 5

priming

Answer 5

implicit memory type
cognitive phenomenon in which exposure to a stimulus, such as a word, image, or concept, influences your response to a related stimulus presented afterward, often making your response faster or more accurate.
priming is a form of implicit memory that occurs without conscious awareness or intention

Question 6

procedural memory

Answer 6

implicit memory type
type of long-term memory that stores information about how to perform specific skills and tasks. It enables you to perform actions, habits, and motor skills without conscious thought
riding a bike, typing on a keyboard, or playing a musical instrument involve procedural memory

Question 7

hippocampus

Answer 7

dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis (ammon’s horn)

dentate gyrus, CA1 - CA4

Question 8

declarative memory

Answer 8

capacity for conscious recollection about facts

Question 9

non-declarative memory

Answer 9

influence of experience on behaviour without conscious realization or retrieval

Question 10

associative memory

Answer 10

ong-term memory that involves making connections between pieces of information or linking related items or events together

Question 11

non-associative memory

Answer 11

memory that doesn’t rely on connecting pieces of information. It involves changes in the response to a single stimulus after repeated exposure

Question 12

clasical conditioning

Answer 12

Pavlol dogs
associative learning

Question 13

operant conditioning

Answer 13

responeses are followed by reinforcement or punishment that either strenghten or weaken behaviour

Question 14

habituation

Answer 14

learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning

Question 15

sensitization

Answer 15

form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli

Question 16

lateral ventricle

Answer 16

lateral ventricles are part of the brain’s ventricular system, which consists of interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are the largest of the brain’s ventricles and play a crucial role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and circulation
Lateral ventricles produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a cushion for the brain, provides nutrients, and removes waste products

Question 17

retrograde amnesia

Answer 17

from the past
type of memory that involves the ability to recall or remember events, information, or experiences from the past, before a specific point in time, often referred to as an ‘amnestic’ event.

Question 18

anterograde amnesia

Answer 18

present times (after the lesion)
type of memory that involves the ability to form and remember new events, information, or experiences after a specific point in time or amnestic event

Question 19

midline diencephalic structure damage

Answer 19

can also cause amnesia

Question 20

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 20

neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain
linked with chronic alcohol abuse and/or severe malnutrition
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
confabulation (false memories)
minimal content in conversation
lack of insight
apathy

Question 21

working memory

Answer 21

ability to hold a limited amount of information online over a short term while it is being processed

Question 22

previous exposure to the same stimuli helps amnesics

Answer 22

to identify objects that are more degraded, or less complete versions of the objects, even thought the patients have no recollection of the previous training events
PRIOR IMPLICIT REPETITION PRIMING

Question 23

cued recall task

Answer 23

subjects are given a 3 letter stem and are asked to recall the word studied. (e.g., mot-, pla-, cyc-). The measure of performance was the % of words reported from the study list (reflects the influence of explicit memory of the word list, if the participant consciously remembers the word being in the list)

Question 24

hippocampal place cells

Answer 24

place cells fire whenever the rat is on certain place cell in the local evironment (the place field of the cell)
firing persists in the dark
when the envronment is scaled up or down, the place fields change correspondingly

Question 25

remapping

Answer 25

when there is a dinamic change in place fields response when the animal is exposed to a new environment

Question 26

border cells

Answer 26

a place field will sometimes maintain a fixed-distance to part of the boundry when size or shaoe to the environment changes

Question 27

enthorhinal place cells

Answer 27

respond to several locations that are organized in a grid-like pattern

Question 28

navigation task

Answer 28

increased activtion of the right hippocampus

Question 29

relational learning system - hippocampus

Answer 29

activity of hippocampal cells is not driven exclusively by relations of ‘spatial’ nature
some researches believe that hippocampus should be characterised as a system for relational place learning, which referes to accuiring memory for arbiterary associations

Question 30

relatonal learning

Answer 30

acquiring memory for relations among items that are associated arbitrarily or accidentally
fMRI evidence shows that the hippocampal system increases in activity when arbitrary relations need to be encoded

Question 31

repetition efect

Answer 31

amnesic patients did show reduced sampling of locations in repeated scenes compered to novel scenes
even tho memory was tested implicitly without need for conscious recollection, but the information had to be accquired relational so they didn’t memorized it

Question 32

long-term potentiation

Answer 32

a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons

Question 33

who mediate LTP?

Answer 33

LTP is mediated by a class of Glu receptors called NMDA (N-methyl-D-asparate) receptors

Question 34

NMDA-gated channel

Answer 34

at the resting membrane potential, the pore is blocked by Mg2+ ions, glutamate alone cannot open the channel
depolarization of the membrane relieves the Mg2+ block and allows Na+ and Ca2+ to enter