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IGCSEs > Biology πŸƒ | Human Reproduction | 16.2 > Flashcards

Biology πŸƒ | Human Reproduction | 16.2 Flashcards

I PROMISE YOU THE REPRODUCTION DECK HAVIGN EXACTLY 69 FLASHCARDS WAS AN ACCIDENT

1
Q

What is the testes?

A

The organ containing many coiled tubes which produce sperm, the cells inbetween producing testosterone.

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2
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The protective bag around the testes

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3
Q

What are the sperm ducts?

A

The tubes through which sperm cells travel out of the testes, into the urethra

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4
Q

What is the prostrate gland?

A

The gland close to the bladder which secretes seminal fluid which sperm swim in

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5
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube leading from the bladder to the outside

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6
Q

What is the ovary in humans?

A

The organ containing follicles containing egg cells, and producing progesterone, and oestrogen

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7
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

In the ovaries

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8
Q

What is the oviduct / fallopian tube?

A

The tube from the ovaries to the uterus, which carries an ovum

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9
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The organ where the embryo develops (and fetus)

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10
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The lower neck of the uterus, a strong rigid muscle, covered in mucus, which has a small opening

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11
Q

What is the penis?

A

The male sex organ which transfers semen

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12
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The female sex organ which recieves the penis during intercourse and is a way out for a baby during birth.

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13
Q

What are the adaptive features of a sperm cell?

A
  • A flagellum for swimming
  • Many mitochondria for energy
  • Has enzymes in the acrosome
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14
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

The head of a sperm containing enzymes used for the digestion of outer layers of the egg cell

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15
Q

What are the adaptive features of an egg cell?

A
  • Yolk: A cytoplasm containing an energy store
  • Jelly-like coating that changes after fertilisation
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16
Q

How is an egg cell’s changing jelly-like coating important?

A

It forms an impenetrable barrier after fertilisation to prevent other sperm enterring the egg cell

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17
Q

How large are sperm cells?

A

Very small (45 um)

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18
Q

How large are egg cells?

A

Large (0.2mm)

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19
Q

How does motility vary between egg and sperm cells?

A

Sperm are capable of locomotion, egg cells are not capable of locomotion

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20
Q

How high in number are sperm cells?

A

Very high, produced every day in huge numbers

(100 million)

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21
Q

How high in number are ovaries?

A

Thousands of immature eggs in ovaries, only one released a month

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22
Q

How does a zygote form into an embryo?

A

Cells multiply, until a ball of cells called an embryo is created and it implants into the uterus lining

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23
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

Joins fetus’s blood supply to the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products

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24
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A
  • Anchoring the embryo to the uterus wall
  • Allowing nutrients and oxygen to travel from mother to embryo
  • Allowing waste materials and carbon dioxide to travel from embryo to mother
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25
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Protects fetus against mechanical shock, drying out and temperature fluctuations.

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26
Q

What is the function of the amniotic sac?

A

The membrane which encloses amniotic fluid, broken at birth

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27
Q

How can the fetus be negatively affected?

A

Sometimes, pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus

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28
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

The changes that occur during puberty as children become adolescents

29
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

Characteristics present at birth and required for reproduction

30
Q

What hormone causes the development of secondary sex characteristics in males?

A

Testosterone

31
Q

What hormone causes the development of secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

Estrogen

32
Q

What are the female secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • Breasts develop
  • Body hair grows
  • Menstural cycle begins
  • Wider hips
33
Q

What are the male secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • Growth of penis and testes
  • Growth of facial and body hair
  • Muscle development
  • Voice breaking
  • Production of sperm begins
34
Q

Define menstrual cycle

A

The monthly series of changes a woman’s body goes through in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy, involving an ovulation each month

35
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days long

36
Q

When does ovulation happen in the menstrual cycle?

A

Halfway through - on day 14

37
Q

What does failure for the egg to be fertilised cause?

A

Menstruation

38
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The breakdown of the thickened uterus line to get rid of an egg cell

39
Q

What happens between days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation:
- If the egg isn’t fertilised, the uterus lining is shed as it isn’t needed

40
Q

What happens between days 6-10 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Regrowth:
- The uterus lining regrows, readying for a potential pregnancy

41
Q

What happens between days 11-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation:
- The most mature folicle bursts. An egg is released and the woman is fertile for a few days

42
Q

What happens between days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Thickening:
- Uterus remains thick and ready for a potential pregnancy

43
Q

What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Repairs endometrium
  • Inhibits LH and FSH (after ovulation)
44
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries

45
Q

What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Keeps endometrium thick
  • Prevents follicular stimulation and ovulation
46
Q

Where is progesterone released in the menstrual cycle?

A

In the ovaries, by the corpus lutenum after bursting

47
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Lutenising Hormone

48
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

49
Q

What is the function of LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

When LH levels are at their peak, it causes ovulation of the most mature ovum, and the formation of a corpus lutenum in its place

50
Q

Where is LH released?

A

Pituitary gland

51
Q

What is the function of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Stimulates egg maturation in ovary’s follicles
  • Stimulates follicles in the ovary to secrete oestrogen
52
Q

Where is FSH released?

A

Pituitary gland

53
Q

During days 1-13 of the menstrual cycle, what is happening in the ovaries?

A

Eggs are developing in growing follicles

54
Q

On day 14 of the menstrual cycle, what happens in the ovaries?

A

The most mature folicle releases an egg

55
Q

During days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle, what happens in the ovaries?

A

The empty folicle turns into a corpus lutenum. Continued growth

56
Q

How do levels of FSH change in the menstrual cycles?

A

It stys fairly constant, but peaks around day 14 at ovulation

57
Q

How do levels of LH change in the menstrual cycle?

A

It peaks around day 14 at ovulation

58
Q

How do levels of oestrogen change in the menstrual cycle?

A

It continually increases from day 1-14, peaking at day 14 (ovulation), then dropping and returning to a fairly average level.

59
Q

How do levels of progesterone change in the menstrual cycle?

A

It increases slowly from days 1-14, until it reaches a plateau between days 14-24, until dropping.

60
Q

Define STI

A

An infection that is transmitted through sexual contact

61
Q

What does STI stand for?

A

Sexually Transmitted Infection

62
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

63
Q

What is HIV?

A

An pathogen that causes an STI, infecting lymphocytes

64
Q

What type of white blood cell does HIV target?

A

Lymphocytes

65
Q

How does HIV avoid being recognised by lymphocytes?

A

It repeatedly changes its protein coat

66
Q

What condition can HIV lead to?

A

AIDS

67
Q

What is AIDS?

A

When our body doesn’t have enough lymphocytes and thus cannot produce many antibodies to protect against infection.

68
Q

What are the methods of transmission of HIV?

A

Sexual intercourse, Sharing needles with an infected person, Blood transfusions with infected people, From mother to fetus by placenta, From mother to baby by breastfeeding

69
Q

How can we control the spread of STIs such as HIV?

A
  • Limiting the number of sexual partners an individual has
  • Not having unprotected sex, but making sure to always use a condom
  • Getting tested if unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners has occurred
  • Raising awareness by education programmes

IGCSEs (68 decks)

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