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gcse biology > Biology January 2020 PPE > Flashcards

Biology January 2020 PPE Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lysis?

A

When a cell bursts after it takes in too much water

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2
Q

What is crenation?

A

The wrinkled shape of an animal cell after it loses water

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3
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that has half the usual number of chromosomes

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4
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that contains two full sets of chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the field of view?

A

How much you can see through the microscope

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6
Q

What is the field of view used for?

A

To estimate the diameter of cells

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7
Q

What kind of organism is a human?

A

A multi cellular organism

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8
Q

How are specialised cells created?

A

Through a process called differentiation

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9
Q

What is the function of an egg cell?

A

It carries half of the genetic information needed for reproduction

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10
Q

How has the egg cell adapted to its function?

A

It has a jelly coat so only one sperm cell can enter. it also is packed with nutrients.

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11
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

It’s job is to fertilise the egg cell

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12
Q

How has the sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

It has a tail so it can swim and it is streamlined so it can reach the egg cell faster. It also has lots of mitochondria for energy

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13
Q

What is magnification?

A

The process of enlarging the physical appearance/image of something

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14
Q

What is the max magnification of a light microscope?

A

x1500

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15
Q

What is resolution?

A

The level of detail that can be seen using a microscope

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16
Q

What is the max resolution of a light microscope?

A

0.0001mm

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17
Q

What is the active site?

A

A small pocket with a unique shape on an enzyme that fits with a specific substrate

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18
Q

Can enzymes catalyse more than one reaction?

A

No

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19
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The initial substance which an enzyme acts upon

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20
Q

What does denature mean?

A

To destroy the characteristic properties affecting the active site

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21
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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22
Q

Where do you find enzymes?

A

The digestive system

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23
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up reactions

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24
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down lager molecules into smaller molecules

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25
Q

What is synthesis?

A

Joining smaller molecules together to make larger ones

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26
Q

What is is protein made of?

A

Amino acids

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27
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Glucose

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28
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

What does amylase catalyse?

A

Starch to sugar

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30
Q

What does starch synthase do?

A

Turns glucose into starch

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31
Q

Where does growth occur in plants?

A

The root and shoot tips

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32
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth and repair

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33
Q

Does mitosis produce diploid or haploid cells?

A

Diploid

34
Q

After mitosis, are the cells identical or different to the parent cell?

A

Identical

35
Q

Give an example of a specialised animal cell

A

Egg cell, sperm cell, ciliated epithial cell, nerve cell etc..

36
Q

Give a short definition of a stem cell

A

Stem cells have the ability to become any cell in your body

37
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth is the increase in the number of cells to increase size

38
Q

What is optimum pH and temperature?

A

The level of pH and temperature at which the rate of reaction is at its highest

39
Q

Can enzymes be denatured at colder temperatures?

A

No, they only denature at hotter temperatures

40
Q

What test would you do to find starch?

A

Iodine

41
Q

What test would you do to find protein?

A

Biuret

42
Q

What test would you do to find glucose?

A

Benedict

43
Q

What test would you do to find fats?

A

Ethanol

44
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without any external energy

45
Q

What does diffusion require?

A

The kinetic energy of the particles

46
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a semi permeable membrane

47
Q

What is the water potential of pure water?

A

Zero

48
Q

What happens to the water potential when the substance becomes more impure?

A

It decreases

49
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration. It requires energy and is very selective

50
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex cell

51
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A simple cell

52
Q

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

A

Animal cell, plant cell

53
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

54
Q

Explain the nucleus?

A

It contains genetic information and it is arranged in chromosomes

55
Q

Explain the cytoplasm?

A

It is a gel-like substance where chemical reactions occur

56
Q

Explain the cell membrane?

A

It controls what goes in and out of the cell

57
Q

Explain the mitochondria?

A

Reactions for respiration take place and it transfers energy

58
Q

Explain the ribosomes?

A

It is involved in translation of genetic material and synthesis of proteins

59
Q

Explain the cell wall?

A

It is made of cellulose and it supports and strengthens the cell

60
Q

Explain the vacuole?

A

It contains cell sap (sugar and salts) and also maintains the internal pressure of the cell

61
Q

Explain the chloroplasts?

A

This is where photosynthesis occurs. It contains a green substance called chlorophyll

62
Q

Explain the flagellum?

A

A sort of tail on bacteria. It can be used to move bacteria away from harmful substances and towards beneficial things

63
Q

Explain the chromosomal DNA?

A

It controls the cells activities and replication. It floats free in the cytoplasm

64
Q

Explain the plasmid DNA?

A

It is extra DNA that are not part of the chromosome. It contains genes for drug resistance and it can be passed between bacteria

65
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen

66
Q

Name two limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light
Consentration of carbon dioxide
Temperature
Chloropyll

67
Q

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endothermic becauseenergy is transferred from the envirionment into the process

68
Q

Name two ways plants use glucose

A 
For respiration
For makking cellulose
Making amino acids
Stored as oils or fats
Stored as starch
69
Q

Why can chloropyll be a limiting factor for photosynthesis?

A

If a plant is diseased, it can affect the amount of chloropyll, meaning the rate of photosynthesis is reduced because the plant cannot absorb as much light

70
Q

How is DNA structured?

A

It is made up of nucleotides and coiled into a double helix shape

71
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In chromosomes which are in the nucleus of a cell

72
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

A phosphate, a sugar and a base

73
Q

What base pairs with Thymine?

A

Adenine

74
Q

What base pairs with Cytosine?

A

Guamine

75
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire set of genetic material in an organism

76
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA found on a chromosome

77
Q

What does a gene do?

A

Each gene codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which are put together of make proteins during protein sythesis

78
Q

What is non-coding DNA?

A

DNA that doesn’t code for any amino acids

79
Q

What does non-coding DNA do?

A

It switches genes on and off so they control whether or not a gene is expressed

80
Q

Where are proteins created?

A

In the cytoplasm of a cell

81
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that code for one type of amino acid

gcse biology (4 decks)

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