BIOLOGY LECTURE: cell

Question 1

Are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organism

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Enumerate Cell Theory

Answer 2

Modern Cell Theory:
1) All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2) Cells are the fundamental structure and functional unit of life.
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells. (omnis cellula e cellula)
4) Cells contains genetic material passed during cellular division (mitosis and meiosis)
5) All cells have similar chemical composition and metabolic activities.
6) Energy flow occurs within cells.

Question 3

Smallest Cell

Answer 3

Mycoplasma 0.1 micrometer

Question 4

Largest Cell

Answer 4

Ostrich Egg 18cm

Question 5

Human Cell Sizes

Answer 5

Sperm (3 micrometer)
Egg (120 micrometer)
Nerve Cell (1m)

Question 6

Shapes of cells

Answer 6

Blood Cells (biconcave),
Nerves (branched),
White Blood Cells (change shape).

Question 7

Small, single-celled, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, reproduce by binary fission. They have a nucleoid with genetic material.

Answer 7

Prokaryotic Cells

Question 8

1. Provides structure, protection, and shape.
   In plants, the cell wall is mainly made of__________ while in fungi, it consists of _____________, and in bacteria, it contains ______________.

Answer 8

Cell Wall

1) Cellulose (Plants)
2) Chitin (Fungi)
3) Peptidoglycan (Bacteria)

Question 9

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Answer 9

Plasma Membrane

Question 10

Jelly-like fluid where cellular activities occur.

Answer 10

Cytoplasm

Question 11

Region where the circular DNA (genetic material) is located; not enclosed by a membrane. (Prokaryotic)

Answer 11

Nucleoid

Question 12

Small, circular DNA molecules; often carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

Answer 12

Plasmids

Question 13

Site of protein synthesis.

Answer 13

Ribosomes

Question 14

Sticky outer layer that helps the cell stick to surfaces and evade immune responses.

Answer 14

Capsule

Question 15

Hair-like structures for attachment to surfaces and other cells; some involved in DNA transfer.

Answer 15

Pili

Question 16

Tail-like appendage used for movement.

Answer 16

Flagella

Question 17

Examples of Prokaryotes

Answer 17

Bacteria (Escherichia Coli, Streptococcus)
Archaea
Protozoa

Question 18

Archeas

Answer 18

Live in:
Halophiles - salty environment
Thermophiles - hot environment
Acidophiles - acidic environment

Question 19

A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 19

Eukaryotic Cell

Question 20

Controls what enters and exits the cell; semi-permeable.

Answer 20

Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane

Question 21

Jelly-like substance where organelles float.

Answer 21

Cytoplasm

Question 22

Control center of the cell; holds DNA (genetic material).

Answer 22

Nucleus

Question 23

Found inside the nucleus; makes ribosomes.

Answer 23

Nucleolus

Question 24

Surrounds the nucleus and controls what moves in and out.

Answer 24

Nuclear Membrane/Envelope

Question 25

Produces energy (ATP); known as the powerhouse of the cell.

Answer 25

Mitochondria

Question 26

Make proteins; found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.

Answer 26

Ribosome

Question 27

Has ribosomes; helps in protein production and transport.

Answer 27

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 28

Lacks ribosomes; makes lipids and detoxifies substances.

Answer 28

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Question 29

Packages, modifies, and ships proteins and lipids.

Answer 29

Golgi Apparatus/Complex/Body

Question 30

Contain enzymes to digest waste and damaged parts (mostly in animal cells).

Answer 30

Lysosome

Question 31

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

Answer 31

Peroxisomes

Question 32

Network of fibers that provides shape and support to the cell.

Answer 32

Cytoskeleton

Question 33

Small sacs used for transport of substances in and out of the cell.

Answer 33

Vesicles

Question 34

Help organize the cell during division (animal cells only).

Answer 34

Centrioles

Question 35

Provides structure and support outside the membrane (plant cells only).

Answer 35

Cell Wall

Question 36

Site of photosynthesis; contains green pigment chlorophyll (plant cells only).

Answer 36

Chloroplasts

Question 37

Stores water, nutrients, and waste; helps maintain cell shape (plant cells only).

Answer 37

Large Central Vacuole

Question 38

Hollow tubes made of tubulin. Involved in cell division, movement, and maintaining cell shape.

Answer 38

Microtubules

Question 39

Medium-sized, durable fibers. Provide structural support and resist stress.

Answer 39

Intermediate Filaments

Question 40

Thin rods made of actin. Support cell shape and help in movement and muscle contraction.

Answer 40

Microfilaments

Question 41

The region around the centrioles that contains proteins for microtubule organization.

Answer 41

Pericentriolar Material

Question 42

A process where dying cells self-destruct by using their own enzymes to break down their components.

Answer 42

Autolysis or Apoptosis

Question 43

Are organelles in plant cells that store and produce food and contain their own DNA.

Answer 43

Plastids

Question 44

microscopic channels that connect plant cells, allows communication and transport between them, also allows to share materials with each other

Answer 44

Plasmodesmata

Question 45

A colorless, double-membrane organelle found in plant cells responsible for storing and converting starch into energy when needed.

Answer 45

Amyloplast

Question 46

In chloroplasts, the inner membrane also forms structures called _________ which help in photosynthesis.

Answer 46

Thylakoid

Question 47

Thin membrane connecting thylakoids.

Answer 47

Lamella

Question 48

Fluid in chloroplasts for the Calvin cycle

Answer 48

Stroma

Question 49

Golgi Apparatus is discovered by

Answer 49

Camillo Golgi

Question 50

Types of Ribosomes:

Answer 50

➣ Free Ribosomes: Float in the cytoplasm, making proteins for the cell. ➣ Bound Ribosomes: Attached to the ER, making proteins for export or membrane use.