BIOLOGY LECTURE: chem Flashcards by eli banana

Smallest unit of matter

Atom

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Are positive electrical charge particles

Protons

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Are negative electrical charge particles

Electrons

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Are no electrical charge particles

Neutrons

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Travel path of electron

Orbit

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Center of the atom containing neutrons and protons

Nucleus

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The combination of two or more atoms.

Molecule

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Types of Chemical Bonding:

Covalent Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding

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Electrons are transferred to another atom

Ionic Bonding

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When hydrogen combines with oxygen or another electromagnetic atom;

Hydrogen Bonding

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Electrons are shared. It is the strongest Bond

Covalent Bonding

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Non-metal and Metal Bonding

Ionic Bond

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Hydrogen with other electromagnetic atom

Hydrogen Bond

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Non-metal and Non-metal Bonding

Covalent Bond

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It is an equal sharing of electrons; elements have similar electronegativity.

Non-Polar Covalent

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Unequal sharing of electrons; elements have different electronegativity.

Polar Covalent

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Two nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons (6 electrons). Strong, stable bond.

Covalent Bond

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In water (H₂O), the hydrogen atoms of one molecule are attracted to the oxygen atom of another, forming hydrogen bonds, which give water its unique properties like high surface tension.

Hydrogen Bond

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In sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium (Na) gives up an electron to chlorine (Cl), creating Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, which attract due to opposite charges.

Ionic Bond

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Process of losing electrons, turning it into positive charge.

Cation

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Is the process of gaining electrons, turning into negative charge

Anion

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In sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium (Na) loses an electron to become a Na⁺ cation.

Cation

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In sodium chloride (NaCl), chlorine (Cl) gains an electron to become a Cl⁻ anion.

Anion

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What does “the rich will be richer and poor will be poorer” in similar terms to Avogadro’s rule

Atoms will strive for more electrons

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Are compounds that do not have carbon and hydrogen together, like metals and non-metals.

Inorganic Molecule

Compounds that contain Carbon and Hydrogen held by covalent bonds. It is associated with living.

Organic Molecule

Enumerate Macromolecules

Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Nucleic Acid

A complex molecule made up of amino acids. For building and repairing tissues and supporting immune function.

Protein

Are made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks that include a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acid

are a group of organic molecules that are hydrophobic (water-insoluble) and serve as energy storage, structural components, and signaling molecules.

Lipids

is composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Main source of energy in the body.

Carbohydrates

are sugars that consist of one or two molecules. They are quickly digested and provide rapid energy.

Simple Carbohydrates

Types of Simple Sugars

- Monosaccharides - Disaccharides

are made up of long chains of sugar molecules and take longer to digest, providing a slow and steady release of energy.

Complex Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides examples

(Simple Sugars) Glucose: Found in fruits and vegetables. Fructose: Found in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. Galactose: Found in dairy products.

Disaccharides examples

(Principal Sugars) Sucrose: Found in table sugar, candies, and baked goods. Lactose: Found in milk and dairy products. Maltose: Found in malted products like beer and some cereals.

Sucrose Maltose Sucrose

Sucrose = [Glucose + Fructose] Maltose = [Glucose + Glucose] Sucrose = [Glucose + Fructose]

Long chains of monosaccharide units linked together (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).

Polysaccharides

Can be found in potatoes, rice, pasta, and bread

Starch

Found in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains; provides dietary fiber.

Cellulose

Stored in the liver and muscles (not typically found in food but important for energy storage in the body).

Glycogen

is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, providing strength and support. It also acts as dietary fiber in the human diet, aiding digestion.

Cellulose

is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (like insects and crabs) and the cell walls of fungi, providing strength and protection.

Chitin

is a storage form of sugar in plants. It is made of long chains of glucose molecules and is used by plants to store energy.

Starch

Functions of Carbohydrates

Energy Source Energy Storage Structural Support Cell Signaling Metabolism Regulation

Types of Lipids:

1) Simple Lipids - made of fatty acids and alcohol. (e.g., fats and oils (triglycerides) such as butter, olive oil, animal fat. Waxes) 2) Complex Lipids: Contain additional groups like phosphates or carbohydrates. Phospholipids (e.g., licithin) - cell membrane Glycolipids - nerve cell

This can be found in facial products, but our body could be dependent on it if used too much.

Steroids

3 Types of Proteins:

➣ Fibrous ➣ Globular ➣ Conjugated

Are compact, spherical proteins that are soluble in water

Globular

Are structural proteins that form long, thread-like fibers and provide support and strength to cells and tissues.

Fibrous

Simple proteins in union with other substances

Conjugated

Enumerate Conjugated Proteins

➣ Nucleoprotein - conjugated with nucleic acid ➣ Glycoprotein - conjugated with amino acid ➣ Lipoprotein - conjugated with lipids or fats found in plant cells: ➣ Chromoprotein - gives it color.

Enumerate Fibrous Proteins

➣ Collagen: skin, hair, and joints ➣ Keratin: anti-frizz, hair strength, nail protection, skin barrier ➣ Silk: skin smoothness and elasticity ➣ Muscle Protein: repairing muscle ➣ Fibrinogen: Helps your blood clot when you get a cut. Turns into fibrin to stop bleeding.

Enumerate Globular Proteins

➣ Albumins - Keeps fluid in your blood vessels. fluid balance + transport ➣ Hemoglobin - contains iron used for blood ➣ Enzymes - catalyze chemical reactions ➣ Antibodies - produced by the immune system to fight infection ➣ Hormones - produced by the endocrine system

Contains the instructions for building proteins and is the genetic material in most organisms.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Helps carry out the instructions in DNA by building proteins.

Ribonucleic Acid

Are made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks that include a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acids

Are chemical processes within cells, like metabolism.

Biochemical Reactions

Breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones

Catabolism

Builds complex molecules from simpler ones.

Anabolism

Are compounds that do not have carbon and hydrogen together, like metals and non-metals.

Inorganic Molecules

Is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Water

Enumerate Water Properties

➣ High Heat Capacity: It can hold lots of heat without changing temperature quickly. ➣ Polarity: Water helps dissolve and carry things in our body. ➣ Chemical Reactivity: It helps some chemical reactions happen. ➣ Cushioning: Water protects organs like a soft cushion.

are special kinds of compounds that can carry electric charges in our body.

Salt

Enumerate Properties of Salt

➣ Dissociation: Salt breaks into small pieces (ions) when it dissolves. ➣ Solubility: It dissolves in water to form an ion solution. ➣ Electric Conductivity: Salt can carry electricity because it has charges. ➣ Taste: Salt makes food taste better by breaking down in water.

Function of Salt:

Electrolyte Balance Nerve and Muscle Function Maintains pH level Teeth and Bone Health

Are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) and lower the pH, making the environment more acidic. They taste sour.

Acids

A weak acid in vinegar

Acetic Acid

Acid found in milk

Lactic Acid

Acid found in sour fruits

Citric Acid

Helps maintain pH, transport CO2, and regulate acid-base balance

Carbonic Acid

Aids in digestion

Hydrochloric Acid

Important for energy storage (ATP) and DNA/RNA synthesis.

Phosphoric Acid

Essential for metabolism and building proteins.

Amino Acids

Are substances that accept protons (H⁺) and are usually negatively charged. They taste bitter and feel slippery.

Bases

A strong base found in alkaline solutions and used as a catalyst.

Hydroxide

A weak base that helps regulate pH balance.

Bicarbonate

When an acid and a base interact to cancel each other out.

Neutralization

Blood pH level

7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline

BIOLOGY LECTURE: chem Flashcards

(79 cards)