Biology Lecture Final Flashcards
(90 cards)
0
Q
Cell theory
A
All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells. This came about in the mid 1800s
1
Q
Theory
A
An explanation for a very general class phenomena or observations
2
Q
Evolution
A
The process by which species have changed and diversified since life first arose. Explains unity, all living things share the same characteristics and the diversity if life.
3
Q
Natural selection occurs when two conditions are met-
A
- Individuals within a population vary in characteristics that are heritable ( traits that can be passed on to offspring). A population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species.
- Certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals survive better or reproduce more than other versions
4
Q
Artificial selection
A
Changes in populations that occur when humans select certain individuals to reproduce the most offspring
5
Q
Eukaryotes
A
Cells have a nucleus. Are multicellular. Animals, fungi and plants
6
Q
Prokaryotes
A
Do not have a nucleus. One celled. ex: Bacteria and archaea
7
Q
Taxonomy
A
To name and classify organisms
8
Q
Taxon (taxa, plural)
A
Any named group
9
Q
Domain
A
Three domains of life bacteria, archaea and eukarya
10
Q
Phylum (phyla, plural)
A
A term to refer to major linages within in domain.
Taxon- domain- phylum
11
Q
Scientific name.
A
- Swedish botanist came established a system for naming species. A two part name made for the organism. First part to the name is called the genus and the second part of the name identifies the organisms species. Ex: homo (genus) sapiens (identifies species)
12
Q
Null hypothesis
A
Specifies what we should observe when the hypothesis being tested isn’t correct
13
Q
Chemical evolution
A
Leading explanation for the origin of life.
Inputs of energy on early earth led to the formation of increasingly complex carbon containing substances, culminating in a compound that could make a copy of itself or self replicate.
14
Q
What are the four molecules that make up 96 percent of all matter found in organisms.
A
Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
15
Q
Atomic number
A
The number of protons of an element
16
Q
Mass number
A
The sum of protons and neutrons
17
Q
Isotopes
A
Forms of an the same element with different numbers of neutrons
18
Q
Covalent bond
A
Results when two atoms share electrons in order to have a completed two electrons.
19
Q
Molecules
A
A group of atoms together. When it contains atoms of more than one element it is called a compound. There are two types if chemical bonds: ionic and covalent
20
Q
Nonpolar covalent bond
A
Because carbon and hydrogen have approximately equal electronegativity the electrons in a C-H bond are shared equally
21
Q
Polar covalent bond
A
Atoms that tend to be mor electronegative tend to hold shared electrons more tightly. Meaning atoms on both sides of the bind are partially charged.
22
Q
Ionic bonds
A
Forms when two atoms are held together by the attraction between opposite charges. This makes ions; charged atoms.
23
Q
Cation
A
Positively charged ion. Has electrons taken away from it
24
Anion
Negatively charged ion. Electrons are added.
25
Hydrophilic
Substances that interact with water. Ions and polar molecules react with water.
26
Hydrophobic
Substances that do not interact with water. Compounds that are uncharged and non polar. Do not react with water through hydrogen bonding.
27
Cohesion
Binding between like molecules
28
Adhesion
Bindings between unlike molecules
29
Endothermic
Heat is absorbed during reaction or a process
30
Exothermic
Releases heat. Transformation of water vapor to liquid water.
31
Potential energy
Stored energy
32
Kinetic energy
The energy if motion. Molecules always have kinetic energy because they are constantly in motion
33
Thermal energy
Kinetic energy of molecular motion
34
Prebiotic soup
Formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and other simple organic compounds reacted to form mid sized molecules called amino acids, nitrogenous bases and sugars. Oparin- haldane theory: these molecules accumulated in the shallow waters of the ancient ocean forming a complex solution.
35
Amino acids like together and make?
Nucleotides attach together and make?
Simple sugars link together to form?
Proteins
Nucleic acid
Complex carbohydrates
36
Molecular subunits (monomers)
Amino acid, nucleotide and sugar.
| These monomers link together and make polymers.
37
Polymerization
Is the linking process of monomers making a polymer. Ex : amino acids polymerize to form proteins
38
Macromolecule
A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules joined together.
39
Condensation reactions aka dehydration reactions
Monomers polymerize by this.
40
Hydrolysis
The reverse reaction of condensation. Breaks polymers apart by adding water molecule. The water molecule reacts with the bond linking the monomers, separating one monomer from the polymer chain
41
Peptide bond
C-N bond that results from this condensation reaction.
42
Polypeptide
When amino acids are linked by peptide bonds into a chain, the amino acids are referred to as residues and the resulting molecule
43
Protein
Polypeptides that contain 50 or more amino acids
44
Hemoglobin
300 million copies if it in each red blood cell. Helps being oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
45
Carbonic anhydrase
It is a protein also in red blood cells. Important for moving carbon dioxide from cells to FB lungs and breathed out
46
Enzyme
A protein that functions as a catalyst. Many proteins are specialized to catalyze or speed up, chemical reactions. Ex: carbonic anhydrase, salivary amylase.
47
Active site
The location where substrates bind and react became known enzymes active site
48
Carbohydrate or sugar
Encompasses the monomer called monosaccharides ( one sugar)
49
Each monosaccharide has a number of carbon atoms present. Each time they vary.
Name for three-carbon, name for five carbons and a six carbon
Trioses
Pentose: ribose acts as a building block for nucleotides
Hexose: glucose in the bloodstream.
50
Cerebrum
Makes up the bulk of the brain. Is divided into left and right hemispheres and is involved in conscious thought and memory.
51
Cerebellum
Coordinates complex motor patterns.
52
Diencephalon
Relays sensory messages that go to the cerebellum and controls homeostasis
53
Brain stem
Connect the brain to the spinal cord and is the autonomic center for regulating the heart, lungs and digestive system
54
Four major lobes.
The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe.
55
Corpus callosum
Two hemispheres are connected by a thick band of axons
56
Parasympathetic nerves
| "Rest and digest"
Conserve or restore energy. Constrict pupils, stimulate salvation, slow heart beat, constrict hear beat, constrict air ways, stimulate stomach activity, inhibit release of glucose; stimulate gallbladder.
57
Sympathetic nervous system
Typically prepare organs for stressful "fight or flight" situations. Speed up heart rate, stimulate the release of glucose from the liver and inhibit action by digestive organs
58
Starch
Carbohydrate that plant cells use. Monosaccharide are stored as starch.
59
Glycogen
Performs the same storage role in animals that starch performs in plant cells. In humans it is stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen is broken down into glucose when you work out.
60
Cell wall
Is a protective sheet that occurs outside the membrane. In algae, bacteria, fungi. Composed if primarily of one it more polysaccharides.
61
Cellulose
Major comment to the cell wall. Polymer of b-glucose monomers.
62
Chintin
Is a polysaccharide that stiffens the cell walls of fungi. Important component of the external skeletons of insects and crustaceans.
63
Peptidoglycan
A polysaccharide that gives bacterial cell walls strength and firmness.
64
Plasma membrane
Separates life from no life. It is a layer of molecules that surrounds the cell interior and separates it from the external environment.
65
Hydrocarbons
Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are nonpolar because electrons are shared equally. Lipids are this and are not soluble in water
66
Fats
Are composed of three fatty acids. Linked to a 3 carbon molecule called glycerol.
67
Steroids
A family of lipids. Cholesterol.
68
Phospholipid
Consist of a glycerol that is linked to a phosphate group.
69
Lipid bilayers
Are created when two sheets of phospholipid molecules align. Hydrophilic heads in each layer face surrounding solution while hydrophobic tails face one another inside the bilayer. Hydrophobic side interact with water
70
Permeability
Of a structure is its tendency to allow a given substance to pass across it. Only certain molecules and ions can go thru a lipid bilayer.
71
Selective permeability
Means that some substance cross hype membrane more easily that other substances can. Small nonpolar molecules move across bilayer a quickly. While large molecules and charges substances cross the membrane slowly, if at all
72
Saturated
Hydrocarbon chains without double bonds. This means a lot if hydrogen atoms can attach to the carbon skeleton
73
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond. Fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms ate attached
74
Hypertonic
Cell will shrink and the membrane will shrivel
75
Hypotonic
Incoming water will cause the cell to swell or even burst
76
Isotonic
If solute concentrations at sequel on either side the membrane will be able to maintain itself. When the outside does not affect the membranes shape.
77
Special channels in the cell membrane:
Ion channels: ions cross membranes thru specialized membrane proteins. Diffusion. High concentration to low concentration
Channel proteins: subsequent research has shown that cells have many different types of pore like. Is selective, allows in particular types of ion or small molecules
Awuaporins: allow water to cross the plasma membrane
78
Nucleus
Contains the chromosomes and functions as an information storage a d processing center.
79
Nuclear envelope
Enclosed the nucleus. Complex double membrane. Studded with pore like openings.
80
Nucleolus
Where DNA is held within the nucleus.
81
Endoplasmic reticulum
On the nuclear envelope, membrane bound sacs. Extends from envelop to the cytoplasm.
82
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
Are ribosomes that attach to the membrane. Synthesize proteins that will be inserted into plasma membrane. Some of these proteins carry messages to other cells, some act as membrane transport proteins
83
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)!
Contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids.
84
Golgi apparatus
The products of the rough ER pass thru here before they reach their final destination. Consists of Flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae.
85
Least inclusive to most inclusive. Classification categories
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom and domain
86
Electronegativity
Electrons that share between two atoms in a covalent bind are not always shared equally. Atoms different their electronegativity. Is related to size, larger atoms tend to have a higher affinity and electronegativity.
87
Ribose and deoxyribose
Both have five carbon atoms. (Polysaccarides) Are significant because they are found in nucleic acids RNA and DNA.
88
Lipids
Fats (bacon fat, lard and butter) and oils (such as corn oil, olive oil and coconut oil). In animals fats are used for insulation and long-term energy storage
89
Proteins. What are their primary importance in the structure and function if cells
Support- structural proteins. Ex: proteins in spider webs
Metabolism- many proteins are enzymes
Transport- channel and carrier proteins in the plans membrane allow substances to enter and exit cells
Defense- antibodies, help immune system
Regulation- hormones. Send signals throughout body to help metabolism and homeostasis
Motion- muscle contraction
