Biology - Microscopes and Cells Quiz Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what do microscopes do
A
magnify objects and make small things appear larger
2
Q
what is the main benefit of a microscope
A
resolution
3
Q
whats resolution
A
the ability to see fine detail
4
Q
whats a compound microscope
A
microscope with 2 or more lenses
5
Q
what is the most common type of microscope
A
compound
6
Q
what do you use a compound microscope for
A
to look at transparent specimens
7
Q
what is the max magnification of a compound microscope
A
1000x
8
Q
how does a compound microscope produce an image
A
passes light through the specimen
9
Q
what’s the structure of a compound microscope
A
1 eyepiece and 3 objective lenses
10
Q
what is a dissecting microscope used for
A
to look at solid objects
11
Q
whats the max magnification on a dissecting microscope
A
85x
12
Q
what’s the structure of a dissecting microscope
A
2 eyepieces and 2 light sources
13
Q
what are the advantages of a dissecting microscope
A
images are produced in colour and 3-d/liign material can be used
14
Q
what are the disadvantages of a dissecting microscope
A
low magnification and poor resolution at high magnifications as the light rays are bent
15
Q
what is transmitted light
A
light passing through a specimen
16
Q
whats incident light
A
light reflecting off a specimen
17
Q
whats parfocal
A
concept that when the microscope is focused on one power it should still be in focus when switched to another power
18
Q
whats an inverted image
A
when the microscope shows it upside down and backwards
19
Q
whats a virtual image
A
when it shows the same as it really is
20
Q
what are the two meanings of magnification
A
- the number of times a microscope enlarges the specimen
- the number of times bigger a diagram is when compared to the actual size of a specimen
21
Q
what is field of view
A
the diameter of what you see
22
Q
what happens if something is on low magnification in relation to its field of view
A
you will see more around the object than if it was on high magnification
23
Q
what is the fit number
A
an estimate of the number of times an object can be placed across the diameter
24
Q
what is scale used for
A
to compare the diagram size with the actual size of the specimen
25
what did the use of stains or colouring agents show
that particular stains attached to particular parts of the cell which improved the contrast between internal structures and produced better images
26
what is the disadvantage of staining techniques
it kills the cells, making it not possible to view living tissue with this technique
27
whats resolving power
the ability to distinguish between two structures that are very close together
28
how does an electron microscope work
uses a beam of electrons instead of a light wave and is able to produce images that provide fine detail
29
how does the transmission electron microscope work
depends on a beam of electrons passed through very thin section of fixed and stained tissue imbedded in plastic
30
what did the microscope make possible
the obtaining of evidence for or against generally accepted opinions or theories about living things
31
whats spontaneous generation
the idea that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter
32
what does the occular lense do
magnify specimen
33
funciton of fine focus
makes tiny adjustments to focus specimen
34
revolving nose peice function
urns objective lense power
35
diaphragm fucniton
adjust the amount of light
36
base function
supports and stabilizes
37
hinge function
changes the angle
38
function of stage clips
hold the slide in place
39
arm function
support of microscope
40
objective lens function
3 different lenses that magnify the object at different rates
41
course focus funciton
allows you to focus by moving the lens closer or farther from the stage
42
whats the stage
the place you rest the slide on
43
what does the light do
illuminate the object
44
how do you carry a microscope
with one hand on the arm and one hand on the base
45
how do you focus a microscope
using the lowest magnification lens and the course focus knob
46
how do you know which one is the course focus knob
it is the bigger know that is above the other dial
47
what are lenses used for
magnification
48
how do light microscopes work
a beam of light is directed through a specimen
49
what can you view with the resolution of a light microscope
plant/animal cells and most bacteria but not sub-cellular structure or viruses
50
how many micrometres are in one millimetre
1000
51
how do you get total magnification
multiply the power of both lenses being used together
52
what's the formula to calculate field of view
higher magnification/lower magnification = lower power/higher power
53
what is the formula for estimating cell size
actual size = field diameter/fit number
54
how did microscopes lead to the development of cell theory
allowed observations to be made by several scientists regarding cell structure because they could see very small details and patterns in tiny objects
55
describe the work of Louis Pasteur in refuting the theory of spontaneous generation
he added an s-shaped curve into the neck of some of the flasks within Spallanzani's previous experiment in order to control what went into the flask as only air could pass through but any particles would get stuck
56
what is meant by control in an experiment
keeping things the same so that you are only measuring one thing
57
who was the first to question spontaneous generation and in what year
Francisco Redi in 1668
58
what did Pasteur's experiment show
that spontaneous generation did not occur and that microorganism are found in the air
59
when was the importance of the cell as the functional unit of life recognized
the 1830s
60
what are the three components of cell theory
- all living things are made up of one or more cells
- all life functions take place in cells making them the smallest unit of life
- all cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division
61
what does cell theory apply to
all living things
62
why are viruses or prions not considered cells
because they fall into a category that is neither living nor non-living even though they may exhibit characteristics of living cells due to how they don't become active until they get into a cell
63
what is an open system
one that must interact with its environment to maintain its existence
64
how do cells function efficiently
by interacting with their environment and each other
65
what are the components of the cell called
organelles
66
what does the functioning of organelles do
maintain the life processes of the cell
67
how do cells maintain the life process
within specialized structures called organelles that each have their own function to perform
68
what are some of the life processes cells perform
intake of nutrients, movement, growth, response to stimuli, exchange of gases, waste removal, reproduction
69
whats the cell membrane
a protective barrier that allows for the transport of materials in and out of the cell
70
whats the cytoplasm
a gel-like substance inside the cell membrane that contains nutrients, allows for movement and suspends the organelles
71
whats the mitochondria
rod-like structures where cellular respiration occurs
72
whats the mitochondria referred to
the powerhouse of the cell
73
whats cellular respiration
where chemical energy in sugars is converted to energy that can be used by the cell
74
whats the nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the passage of macromolecules through multiple pores
75
whats the nucleus
organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell and directs all cellular activities
76
whats the nucleolus
structure made up of proteins and RNA that rewrites rRNA and combines it with proteins
77
whats smooth endoplasmic reticulum
series of tubes extending from the nuclear envelope associated with lipid production
78
whats rough endoplasmic reticulum
series of tubes extending from the nuclear envelope associated with protein synthesis
79
whats the Golgi apparatus
flat dis shaped sacs involved in transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum out of the cell
80
whats the vacuole
organelle bounded by a membrane that stores nutrients, products of secretion, fats and water
81
what are lysosomes
sacs within the cell that contain strong chemicals that digest molecules
82
what are ribosomes
granules where proteins are produced
83
what are centrioles
a small set of 2 microtubules found in animal cells that move towards opposite ends of the nucleus when it is time for cell division
84
whats the cell wall
rigid frame around the cell that provides strength and support to plant cells
85
what are chloroplasts
organelles that contain chlorophyll which produces a green colour and are the site of photosynthesis; they are only found in plant cells
86
what is cytosol
the fluid part of the cytoplasm where the organelles are suspended from
87
what makes up the cytoplasm
cytosol and organelles
88
what are the major gas elements within plant and animal cells
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
89
what are the major elements of cell structure organized into
four major organic compounds
90
what are the four major organic compounds within a cell
lipids, carbohydrates, starches and cellulose
91
what is the other major compound found in all plant and animal cells
water
92
what does water do within a cell
its the solvent that provides the environment for all biological reactions inside and outside cells
93
what are trace substances
other substances present in tiny amounts that are essential for the health of the cell
94
what are the 4 major trace elements in a cell
magnesium, zinc, manganese and iron
95
what are 3 similarities between plant and animal cells
- both have a cell membrane
- both have a cytoskeleton
- both have DNA
96
whats a cytoskeleton
internal network of fibres made up of proteins and lipids
97
what is DNA
genetic material made up of sugars, nitrogen basis and phosphate
98
what are 5 differences between plant and animal cells
- animal cells have centrioles
- animal cells have lysosomes
- plants have a cell wall
- plants have chlorophyll which makes photosynthesis possible
- plant cells have a large central vacuole whereas animal cells have a much smaller vacuole
99
what do all cells contain no matter their type
cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes and ribosomes
100
whats a prokaryotic cell
very small cells that do not have a nucleus or nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles but have a nucleoid region
101
what are eukaryotic cells
cells with a nucleus and a nuclear membrane that are generally larger than prokaryotic cells
