Biology Unit Final Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
what is the formula for estimating actual size
A
field diameter/fit number
2
Q
what is the formula for scale
A
actual size/drawing size
3
Q
who disproved spontaneous generation and how
A
Louis Pasteur; bent the neck of the flasks in his experiment so that air could reach the broth but microorganisms and other particles would be caught in the s bend
4
Q
what does staining a cell do
A
improve contrast between internal structures to produce better images
5
Q
what is resolution
A
ability to distinguish detail within a structure
6
Q
what are the 3 components of the cell theory
A
all living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the smallest units of life, all cells are produced from pre-existing cells through cell division
7
Q
what is an open system
A
one that must interact with its environment to maintain its existence
8
Q
what is the difference between a simple and a compound microscope
A
simple has one lens whereas a compound has 2 or more
9
Q
what are lysosomes
A
sacs containing chemicals to digest molecules
10
Q
whats the Golgi apparatus
A
transports substances from ER out of the cell
11
Q
whats the cell membrane
A
selectively permeable membrane that acts as a protective barrier for the cell and controls what goes in and out of it
12
Q
whats the mitochondria
A
place where cellular respiration occurs to produce energy for the cell
13
Q
what are centrioles
A
pairs that move toward the poles of the nucleus to start cell division
14
Q
what are ribosomes
A
granules where proteins are produced
15
Q
whats the nucleus
A
control center of the cell containing DNA and genetic material of the cell
16
Q
whats the cell wall
A
rigid frame that provides strength and support to plant cells
17
Q
whats cytoplasm
A
gel-like substance that contains nutrients and suspends the organelles
18
Q
what are chloroplasts
A
contain chlorophyll and are the sight of photosynthesis
19
Q
whats the vacuole
A
stores waste and other components in the cell
20
Q
whats the nuclear envelope
A
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
21
Q
what does smooth ER do
A
help produce lipids
22
Q
what does rough ER do
A
help with protein synthesis
23
Q
what are the major elements making up a cell
A
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
24
Q
what are the four major compounds in a cell
A
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and water
25
what are trace elements
things present in tiny amounts that are essential to the health of the cell
26
3 similarities between plant and animal cells are
cell membrane, cytoskeleton made up of proteins and lipids, genetic material (DNA)
27
5 differences between plant and animal cells
animal cells have centrioles, animal cells have lysosomes, plants have cell wall, plants have chlorophyll, plants have a large central vacuole
28
what do all cells contain no matter their type
cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes and ribosomes
29
what are prokaryotes
single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
30
what are eukaryotes
cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles that work together to help the cell function
31
what is the other name for the cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
32
whats an integral protein
goes throughout whole cell membrane
33
whats peripheral protein
rests more on the side of the membrane
34
what do carbohydrates do in cell membrane
act as a physical barrier and signal to the cell what's good or bad
35
what does cholesterol do in cell membrane
regulates how fluid it is
36
what do glycoproteins do
stabilize cell
37
what organelle is responsible for transport
cell membrane
38
what's included in the particle model
all matter is made up of particles, particles are constantly moving, particles are attracted to each other, particles have spaces between them
39
whats concentration
amount of a specific particle
40
whats diffusion
natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
41
what does diffusion do in a cell
allows needed substances to enter and keeps other substances outside as well s removes waste to maintain cellular equilibrium
42
what determines the passage of materials through the cell membrane
molecule size, charge and whether they are soluble in lipids
43
whats osmosis
movement of water molecules from high water concentration to low water concentration
44
whats hypertonic and what happens to the cell in this environment
a solution that has a higher concentration of solute meaning there is less water than that in a cell causing water to leave the cell, making it shrink
45
whats hypotonic and what happens to the cell in this environment
a solution that has a lower concentration of solute meaning there is mroe water than that in the cell causing water to enter the cell, making it swell
46
whats isotonic and what happens to a cell in this environment
a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as that in the cell, making there no net movement of water molecules
47
what is the ideal state for a cell
isotonic
48
whats osmoregulation
control of water balance and the tendency of water to move into the plant cell to create pressure
49
whats crenation
process of losing water and shrinking in animal cells
50
whats cytolysis
swelling and bursting of animal cells
51
whats plasmolysis
cell membrane of plant cell shrinks away from the cell wall due to a hypertonic environment
52
whats deplasmolysis
rehydration of plant cell due to hypotonic environment
53
what's facilitated diffusion
channels that allow small water-soluble molecules to pass through the membrane
54
whats active transport
the use of energy to transport something against the concentration gradient
55
what happens in endocytosis
a vesicle forms around the particle and the cell membrane pinches it off so that the vesicle is inside the cell
56
what happens in exocytosis
a vesicle forms around the material and is brought to the surface of the cell membrane where it is released outside the cell
57
what do recognition proteins do
allow cells to recognize each other
58
what do receptor proteins do
bind specifically with certain molecules to bring them into the cell by endocytosis
59
whats insulin
small protein that stimulates the rate of movement of glucose into the cells
60
what happens in hemodialysis
blood is removed from the body, cleansed in a special machine and then returned to the body
61
what happens in peritoneal dialysis
dialysate fluid is pumped into a catheter and as it becomes saturated with waste it is removed from the body and new dialysate fluid is added
62
whats desalination
process of removing salt from seawater
63
why is it better for cells to be smaller
there is less travel time between the sruface of the cell and the nucleus, making them more efficient and increasing the ability for transport
64
what has to happen for the most efficient transport within a cell
cell must have a large surface area in relation to its volume
65
whats a tissue
groups of cells performing the same function together
66
name and define the two organ systems in plants
shoot system - everything above ground
| root system - everything underground
67
what is the dermal tissue/epidermis and what does it do
out layer of plant cells that protect the plant from disease and is responsible for the exchange of matter and gasses in and out of the plant
68
whats ground tissue
it makes up the majority of the plant and is found as a layer beneath the epidermis
69
what is vascular tissue responsible for
transport of materials throughout the plant
70
whats the xylem do
move water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where they are used in photosynthesis
71
what is the xylem made of
non-living cell wall cells
72
what does the phloem do
transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant
73
what is the phloem made of
sieve tubes
74
what are sieve tubes
cells that are still alive but have lost their nucleus
75
what is merismatic tissue
unspecialized cells that can be divided infinitely to produce new cells
76
what happens when cells are no longer a part of the meristem area
they become specialized for a particular function
77
what is the leaf
a collection of tissues whose main purpose is to carry out and support the process of photosynthesis
78
where are cells containing chloroplasts found
in the ground tissue of leaves and sometimes in stems
79
what is photosynthesis and what is the word equation for it
a chemical rxn in which light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy that is stored as glucose
H2O + CO2 + light + chlorophyll = glucose and O2
80
what is cytoplasmic steaming
movement of chloroplasts
81
what is the opposite of photosynthesis
cellular respiration
82
what's the purpose of cellular respiration
produces energy needed by the cell to carry out life processes
83
can photosynthesis happen in the dark
no; the plant stops manufacturing food but the process of cellular respiration continues
84
what are guard cells
specialized cells. that form tiny openings called stomata that allow gas exchange to happen easily
85
what do the stomata do
regulate the movement of gas
86
how do guard cells open
they accumulate potassium which causes water to enter by osmosis, resulting in them swelling up and open
87
what's the purpose of guard cells
to allow fas flow and protect the leaves from losing too much water through the stomata
88
whats transpiration
process of water vapour leaving the leaf through the stomata
89
whats the cuticle and what does it do
waxy substance that resists attack from microorganisms and helps to reduce water loss
90
whats mesophyll
specialized ground tissues located between the upper and lower epidermis
91
what are the two types of mesophyll tissue
palisade and spongy
92
whats palisade mesophyll tissue
long rectangular cells responsible for photosynthesis
93
whats spongey mesophyll tissue
weirdly shaped cells with increased space between them that allow for gas exchange by diffusion through the leaf
94
what are lenticels
pores that provide an opening for transpiration to occur and allow gas exchange to and from the inner parts of the tree trunk
95
whats cohesion
attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
96
whats adhesion
the attraction of water molecules to molecules of other substances
97
whats root pressure
when water is drawn into the cells because of the presence of dissolved minerals which creates a higher solute concentration inside the cell
98
what does root pressure do
force water from a higher pressure in the roots toward the lower pressure in the leaves
99
what does evaporation do for the transpiration process
it creates a transpiration pull that pulls on adjacent water molecules and draws the water up the xylem in combination with adhesions and cohesion forces
100
why is turgidity important
the pressure in all of the cells combines to hold the green parts of the plant up to the sunlight
101
whats the sink
places where the products of photosynthesis are stored
102
what's the place where products of photosynthesis are manufactured called
the source
103
whats phototropism
growth movement in response to light stimulus
104
what's the difference between positive and negative tropism
in positive the plant will grow toward the stimulus whereas in negative it grows away from it
105
whats gravitropism
growth movement in response to earth's gravitational force
106
whats auxin
a hormone that is manufactured in one area and transported to another location where in low concentrations it has the ability to initiate cell elongation towards a stimulus
107
how do plants feel gravity
they rely on heavy starch particles in specialized cells to indicate direction of gravity
