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GCSE > Biology - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology - Paper 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What plant tissue can differentiate throughout the life of the plant?

A

Meristem cells.

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2
Q

What substance strengthens the xylem tissue?

A

Lignin

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3
Q

What leaf tissue contains many air spaces?

A

Spongey mesophyll.

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4
Q

Which leaf tissue contains the most chloroplasts?

A

Palisade cells.

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5
Q

Name a type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesterol in a person’s blood.

A

Statins.

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6
Q

Why does bread begin to taste sweet in the mouth?

A

The enzyme ‘amylase’, found in saliva, breaks down the starch in the bread into simple sugars which taste sweet.

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7
Q

Name one antibiotic.

A

Penicillin.

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8
Q

Why can’t viruses grow on agar?

A

They require living host cells to replicate and spread.

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9
Q

Why is it difficult for scientists to develop drugs to destroy viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce using your own body cells so makes it difficult to develop drugs that only kills off the viruses and not the body’s cells.

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10
Q

Which disease is caused by a virus that damages white blood cells?

A

HIV.

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11
Q

What is the scientific term that describes the yellow colour on leaves?

A

Chlorosis.

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12
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

Light Intensity = 1/Distance^2

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13
Q

What is meant by a limiting factor?

A

Something that restricts the rate of reaction.

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14
Q

What happens to glucose, protein and urea in the kidneys?

A

-Glucose and urea are filtered out of the blood
-Protein is not filtered
-All glucose is reabsorbed
-Urea is not reabsorbed

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15
Q

What substance can be made from nitrogen?

A

Protein.

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16
Q

What substance can be made from using phosphates?

A

DNA.

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17
Q

Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope.

A

Higher magnification and higher resolution.

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18
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

A protist.

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19
Q

Describe how the human body prevents pathogens from entering.

A

Skin = Acts as a physical barrier and oil on the surface repels pathogens.
Stomach = Contains HCl which kills bacteria in food and swallowed mucus.
Eyes = Produce tears which contain enzymes to kill bacteria.
Breathing System = Nose produces mucus which is sticky and traps bacteria .

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20
Q

Describe how the human body defends itself against pathogens inside of the body.

A

-WBCs which engulf pathogens
-Antitoxins are produced to neutralise the toxins released by the pathogens
-Antibodies are produced which help destroy pathogens
-Memory cells are formed which give a more rapid response if a pathogen re-enters

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21
Q

How can methods be improved to make the results more valid?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Repeat experiment
-Calculate a mean
-Detect and remove anomalies

22
Q

How is the volume of water lost from the leaves controlled?

Study These Flashcards
A

By the guard cells opening and closing the stomata

23
Q

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere.

Study These Flashcards
A

-Water is transported in xylem
-Water evaporates from leaves
-Through the stomata

24
Q

What part of the blood transports glucose?

25
Name a chemical used to test for glucose.
Benedict's reagant/solution.
26
Describe the test and positive result for glucose in urine.
Add benedict's into the sample of urine and heat it. If glucose is present, the urine should turn brick red.
27
Define the term double circulatory system.
Blood is pumped to the lungs at one/right side of the heart and blood is pumped to the body at the other/left side of the heart.
28
Name one condition that could be treated using regenerative human tissue.
Diabetes and paralysis.
29
Suggest why an axolotl is a suitable animal for research in the laboratory.
Easy to breed, cheap to keep and don't take up much space.
30
Name the type of cell which divides when a new gill grows.
Stem cells.
31
What is an enzyme?
A chemical which is made up of amino acids and catalyses/speeds up reactions in living organisms.
32
Name three organs in the digestive system which produce carbohydrase.
Pancreas, salivary gland and small intestine.
33
Explain how pancreatic cancer cause someone to lose weight.
-Reduced enzyme production/release -Food is not broken down/digested fully -Less glucose absorbed -Less glucose available for respiration -So more fat used up in respiration
34
What is a placebo?
A 'dummy' treatment with no medical or therapeutic value.
35
What is a double-blind trial?
Where neither the participants nor the researchers are aware which group has been given the drug and which group has been given the placebo.
36
What is a placebo used for?
To avoid the patients thinking that they feel better with the drug.
37
What is a double-blind trial used for?
To avoid biased results.
38
Describe each stage of a drug trial.
Stage 1 = Test on live cells Stage 2 = Test on live animals Stage 3 = Test on healthy volunteers Stage 4 = Use drug on people with disease
39
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
-The antigen is injected into a mouse and the antibodies are fused with a tumour cell to make clones of the antibody -The lymphocytes are fused with a particular type of tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell (Tumour cells are used as they can divide repeatedly) -Single hybridoma cells are cloned, resulting in many divisions, making high quantities of identical cells that all produce the same antibody -A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified, ready for use
40
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Pregnancy tests, in labs to measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, to treat some diseases as it delivers substances to cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
41
What process do plants use to move mineral ions into the root cells?
Active transport.
42
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
43
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.
44
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
45
How does glucose from the small intestine get transported to a muscle cell?
Glucose is absorbed by diffusion into the bloodstream and then the blood transports the glucose to the muscle cell in capillaries.
46
Compare anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell with anaerobic respiration in a muscle cell.
Yeast produces ethanol whereas muscles produce lactic acid. Yeast produces CO2 whereas muscles do not. Both release small amounts of energy.
47
Suggest how an infection with an acid-tolerant bacteria which can damage the mucus lining may result in a stomach ulcer developing.
Bacteria not killed by stomach acid so they damage the mucus lining. This causes the stomach acid to damage the stomach tissue, causing an ulcer to develop.
48
Describe the process of mitosis.
- The cell begins to divide - The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome -The nuclear membrane breaks down. The chromosomes line up across the centre of the cell. -One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides -The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells (daughter cells)
49
Describe the cell cycle.
- Cell growth - DNA synthesis - the chromosomes are now double stranded - Further growth occurs and the DNA is checked for errors - Mitosis occurs - The cytoplasm separates - two cells are formed - Temporary cell resting period or the cell stops dividing.
50
Describe the process of binary fission.
Step 1 - The circular DNA and plasmids replicate Step 2 - The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to the opposite poles of the cell Step 3 - The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form Step 4 - The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced
51
Describe the process of meiosis.
- Chromosomes make identical copies of themselves inside of the parent cell - Similar chromosomes pair up - Sections of DNA get swapped - First cell division - chromosome pairs separate, resulting in two diploid daughter cells - Second cell division - cells divide again, resulting in four haploid cells

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