BIOLOGY PROTEIN SYNTHESIS QUIZ

Question 1

The process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA.

Answer 1

translation

Question 2

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5ʹ AGT 3ʹ. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

Answer 2

3’ UCA 5’

Question 3

RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?

Answer 3

3’ →5’ along the template strand

Question 4

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is

Answer 4

AAA

Question 5

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity of what?

Answer 5

The bonding of the anticodon to the codon and attachment of amino acids to tRNAs

Question 6

A frameshift mutation could result from

Answer 6

either an insertion or a deletion of a base.

Question 7

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

Protein synthesis corresponds to the process of what?

Answer 8

formation of amino acids from mRNA

Question 9

In eukaryotic cells transcription take place in the nucleus, so where does transcription occur in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

In eukaryotic cells translation take place on ribosomes so where does translation occur in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 10

ribosomes

*prokaryotic cells already have ribosomes

Question 11

What complementary DNA sequence binds to this DNA sequence: G - T - C - A - C

Answer 11

C-A-G-T-G

Question 12

Which of the following is incorrect with respect to mutation?
A: continuous,
B: spontaneous or sudden,
C: change in chromosomes and genes,

Answer 12

Continuous

Question 13

We would expect that a 21-nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of..

*don’t count the stop codon

Answer 13

6 codons

Question 14

Which of the following is considered to be a mutation?
A: insertion,
B: deletion,
C: substitution,
D: all of the answer choices,

Answer 14

All of the answer choices

Question 15

Gene expression is regulated…

A: to ensure that the correct proteins are made from the right genes

B: to ensure that the correct proteins are made in the cells in which they are needed

C: to ensure that all cells make the same proteins

D: to ensure that all cells only use some genes.,

Answer 15

B. to ensure that the correct proteins are made in the cells in which they are needed

Question 16

If genes were not regulated, then what would happen?

Answer 16

All your cells would make the same proteins

Question 17

True or False? All of your cells have the same genes.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or False? In your body, different types of cells use different genes.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they..

Answer 19

Express different genes

Question 20

Which of the following best describes gene expression?

A: fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes

B: flow of information from parent to offspring

C: the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

Answer 20

the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true?

A: The majority of genes are likely to be transcribed

B: It is the same as the DNA in one of your heart cells

C: Most of the DNA codes for protein

Answer 21

It is the same as the DNA in one of your heart cells.

Question 22

Which is NOT true of gene expression?

A: It dictates how a cell functions

B: It is the specific combination of genes that are turned on or off

C: It occurs because of cellular signals within your body

D: It creates different DNA within each of your cell types

Answer 22

It creates different DNA within each of your cell types

Question 23

What is a stem cell?

Answer 23

A cell that can make copies of itself and make more specialized types of cell

Question 24

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into which types of cell?

Answer 24

All types of specialized cells in the body.

Question 25

Neural stem cells from the brain can differentiate into which types of cell?

Answer 25

Only specialized brain cells

Question 26

What are the roles of stem cells in our bodies?

Answer 26

They produce new specialized cells to replace cells that die or are used up.

Question 27

How do genes determine the traits of an organism?

Answer 27

Within translation, a protein is built with the help of the sequence of codons in the messenger RNA. The shape and function of the protein molecules are determined by the sequence of amino acids and the function of those protein molecules determine the traits of organisms.

Question 28

Is there errors in transcription or translations often? why?

Answer 28

No because of codon names

Question 29

What happens in transcription?

Answer 29

The information coded in a cell's DNA instructs the cell to make a messenger RNA molecule out of individual nucleotides. Thymine is replaced with Uracil and nucleotides are matched with base pairs until there is a full RNA transcript which is then detached from the DNA strip.

Question 30

What happens in translation?

Answer 30

he mRNA strand provides a RNA template for the sequence of amino acids in the protein being produced. Each triplet of bases in mRNA, called a codon, matches with a complementary triplet, called an anticodon The anticodons of tRNA match with specific codons of mRNA which then creates a chain of amino acids which are used to make the ending result of a complete protein.

Question 31

Define protein synthesis

Answer 31

Protein synthesis is the process of making proteins

Question 32

Predict the results of a two-base insertion or deletion to a strand of DNA that codes for a protein. How is this different from a three-base insertion or deletion?

Answer 32

Two-base insertion or deletion to a strand of DNA would result in a frame shift with amino acids. Three-base insertion or deletion would result in an adding or deletion of a codon which would not result in a frame shift unlike two-base insertion or deletion.

Question 33

One night while watching TV you hear a newscaster say, “DNA mutations cause damaged proteins.” Based on your work in Part B, how would you respond to this claim?

Answer 33

I would disagree, This is because even with a base insertion, it can affect protein sequence, however it doesn't damage the proteins themself.I would disagree with the claim that DNA mutations cause damaged proteins. This is because even with a base insertion, it can affect protein sequence, however it doesn't damage the proteins themself.

Question 34

Describe the relationship between gene therapy and protein synthesis.

Answer 34

Gene therapy corrects the genetic defects which helps DNA to undergo protein synthesis without any errors. Inorder to go through gene therapy, you have to have something wrong with protein synthesis. Gene therapy’s type of genetic modification is Targeting the mRNA and repairing the specific section of the mRNA that has the non-functioning gene. Gene therapy treats and prevents genetic diseases which can involve problems regarding protein synthesis.

Question 35

Explain why some proteins are made by nearly all cells, and give two examples.

Answer 35

Proteins are essential for the life of the cell because proteins are needed for cellular processes (like support and ATP production) and you need proteins for the life of cells to perform metabolic processes.

Question 36

What cellular mechanisms caused short-term changes in gene expression in the cell you investigated?

Answer 36

Cellular mechanisms that caused short-term changes in gene expression in the cell I investigated (the intestinal lining cell) are the repressors and the activators of the cell.

Question 37

For your cell explain how gene expression relates to the cell’s ability to perform its function in the body

Answer 37

Depending on the function of the cell, gene expression may vary. One cell could have a varying amount of gene expression while another can have an abundance of it; it all depends on the function of the actual cell.

Question 38

How does terminator technology work?

Answer 38

Terminator technology is a type of genetic modification that allows people to control gene expression in GM plants. The first type makes GM plants produce sterile seeds and is done by activating and repressing a series of genes related to the seed development. The second type controls the phenotype of the GM plant.

Question 39

What kinds of problems is GURT intended to solve? (Must describe two problems.)

Answer 39

GURT is a type of genetic modification that allows people to control gene expression in GM plants. It tends to solve the following: 1. The concern that genetically modified organisms may spread engineered genes into populations that are not genetically modified. 2. To solve the restrictiveness of the use of terminator technology in non authorized countries.

Question 40

What are the pros and cons of GURT?

Answer 40

PROS: - The genetic modification cannot be passed on to other generations - Allows people to control gene expression in GM plants. CONS: - The control of gene expression in GURT plants has not been 100% effective. The seeds will not always be sterile, or that the GM gene is expressed even though the chemical has not been applied. - - Scientists do not know the long-term effects of terminator technology.

Question 41

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 41

the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein in eukaryotic cells __________________________ DNA (replication) -- (transcription)--> RNA --(translation)--> Protein

Question 42

How is gene therapy used for inserting inside the body?

Answer 42

When a gene therapy is used to modify cells inside the body, a doctor will inject the vector carrying the gene directly into the patient.

Question 43

What is a vector?

Answer 43

- a carrier is genetically engineered to deliver the gene

Question 44

How is gene therapy used for cells outside of the body?

Answer 44

* When gene therapy is used to modify cells outside the body, doctors take blood, bone marrow, or another tissue, and separate out specific cell types in the lab.