BIOLOGY SUMMATIVE DISEASE AND RESPONSE Flashcards
everything from topics: The heart and the lungs Heart problems Bacterial diseases Viral diseases Protist and Fungal diseases Human defenses Vaccinations Antibiotics, Painkillers and antiseptics Investigating antibiotics or antiseptics Development of drugs & Monoclonal antibodies (112 cards)
1
Q
define pathogen
A
microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
2
Q
what type of disease do pathogens cause
A
communicable
3
Q
what is a communicable disease
A
diseases that can be spread between people
4
Q
true or false-
both plants and animals can be infected by pathogens
A
true
5
Q
what is a bacteria
A
very small cells that reproduce inside the body
6
Q
how big is a bacterial cell compared to a human cell
A
1/100th the size
7
Q
how do bacteria make you feel ill
A
release toxins that damage cells and tissues
8
Q
true or false:
a virus is a type of cell
A
false. viruses are NOT cells
9
Q
what is a virus
A
very small pathogen that reproduces inside the human body inside cells
10
Q
how do viruses make you feel ill
A
reproduce inside cells which eventually burst. This cell damage makes you feel ill.
11
Q
what is a protist
A
single celled eukaryotic organisms , can be parasites.
12
Q
what is a vector
A
asymptomatic carrier of a protist, eg mosquitos
13
Q
name 4 types of pathogen
A
bacteria
virus
protist
fungi
14
Q
name 3 ways pathogens can be spread
A
water- drinking or bathing in dirty water
air- pathogens can be carried through the air and are then breathed in. some airborne pathogens are transferred in droplets from coughs + sneezes
direct contact-picked up by touching contaminated surfaces
15
Q
name the 3 viral diseases you need to know about
A
measles
hiv
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
16
Q
describe how measles is spread
A
through droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough.
17
Q
describe symptoms of measles
A
red skin rash
signs of fever
18
Q
name a common way of preventing measles
A
most people are vaccinated as children
19
Q
describe how hiv is spread
A
sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids such as blood
20
Q
describe symptoms of hiv
A
initial flu like symptoms
then symptoms disappear, but if left untreated it can develop into AIDS where the immune system is damaged.
21
Q
what does HIV develop into and describe the symptoms
A
AIDS- damaged immune system, means the body cannot defend itself from disease or cancers
22
Q
describe prevention methods of HIV
A
safe sex,
(after contracting) Controlling it with antiviral drugs.
23
Q
what type of pathogen causes measles
A
virus
24
Q
what type of pathogen causes HIV
A
virus
25
what type of organism does TMV infect?
plants
26
describe symptoms of TMV
mosaic pattern on leaves (discolouration of leaves)
27
what is the consequence of TMV on a plant
damaged chloroform= low rates of photosynthesis=limited growth
28
what type of pathogen causes TMV
virus
29
name the fungal disease you need to know
rose black spot
30
what type of pathogen causes rose black spot
fungi
31
describe symptoms of rose black spot
purple or black spots develop on the leaves of the plant, the leaves can then turn yellow then drop off
32
describe consequences of rose black spot on a plant
affects rates of photosynthesis= stunted growth
33
describe how rose black spot is spread
through the environment in water or wind
34
describe treatment of rose black spot
fungicides or stripping the plant of infected leaves. removed leaves need to be destroyed to prevent the fungus spreading to other rose plants.
35
name the protist caused disease you need to know
malaria
36
what is the vector that carries malaria
mosquitos
37
describe symptoms of malaria
repeating episodes of fever, can be fatal
38
describe prevention methods of malaria
mosquito nets
destroying water where mosquitos lay eggs
insecticides
39
name the two bacterial diseases you need to know
salmonella
gonorrhoea
40
what type of pathogen causes salmonella
bacteria
41
describe symptoms of salmonella
fever
stomach pains
vomiting
diarrhoea
42
describe how salmonella is spread
through contaminated food
43
name a way the spread of salmonella is controlled
vaccinating poultry against the disease
44
what type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea
bacteria
45
how is gonorrhoea spread
sexual contact (it is an STD)
46
describe symptoms of gonorrhoea
pain when urinating
yellow or green discharge from genitals
47
describe treatment of gonorrhoea
antibiotics
48
name a way to prevent gonorrhoea
barrier contraception
49
how does your skin defend against disease
barrier to pathogens, secretes antimicrobial substances
50
how does your nose defend against disease
mucus and hair trap particles that could contain pathogens
51
how does your trachea and bronchi defend against disease
secrete mucuc to trap pathogens
also lined with cilia which waft mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed
52
how does your stomach defend against disease
hydrochloric acid
53
what is the main part of your immune system that is found in the blood
white blood cells
54
describe how white blood cells attack pathogens (name 3)
1. consuming them. engulf foreign cells then digest them, this is called phagocytosis
2. producing antibodies (more detail in other flashcards)
3. producing antitoxins. counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria
55
what is an antigen?
a molecule found on the surface of a cell
56
describe how white blood cells attack pathogens by producing antibodies
when white blood cells come across foreign antigens, they produce proteins called antibodies that lock onto invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells.
those antibodies which are specific to one type of pathogen are then transported round the body to find all similar bacteria and viruses
57
what is another name for the white blood cells that produce antibodies
B-lymphocytes
58
describe how vaccines work
they involve injecting small amounts of weak or inactive pathogens. These carry antigens which allow white blood cells to produce antibodies complimentary to them.
This means the next time that pathogen is detected, there can be a much faster response and antibodies are produced much faster to kill the pathogen
59
what are 2 pros of vaccination
help control or even eradicate disease
big outbreaks of disease can be prevented is many people are vaccinated against a specific disease.
60
name a con of vaccines
some people experience reactions or side effects.
61
what is a painkiller
a drug that releases pain and reduces symptoms but does not actively kill or attack the pathogen causing illness
62
what is an antibiotic
prevent the growth of or kill bacteria without killing your own body cells.
63
why cant you treat viruses with antibiotics
they reproduce using body cells which makes them very difficult to target or destroy individually without harming your body cells.
64
how do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
bacteria can mutate, and some mutations cause them to become immune to antibiotics
65
what happened when bacteria become immune to antibiotics?
resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce, and the population of resistant bacteria will increase
66
what type of drug is aspirin and where does it come from
painkiller and to lower fever
comes from willow
67
what type of drug is digitalis and where does it come from
treats heart conditions
comes from foxgloves
68
where does penicillin come from and what does it do
antibiotic, comes from penicillium mould.
69
what happens during pre clinical testing in drug testing
the drug is tested on human cells and tissues in a lab
then it is tested on animals to test the efficacy, find out its toxicity and the correct dosage
70
define efficacy
weather the drug works and produces the effect you are looking for
71
define toxicity
how harmful the drug is
72
define dosage
the concentration od drug that should be given, and how often
73
what happens in a clinical trial in drug testing
first the drug is tested on healthy human volunteers to make sure it has no side effects. at the start, a low dose will be given and then gradually increased.
if results on healthy volunteers are good drugs can be tested on people with the illness. the optimum dose is found.
(more on the trial after this in other flashcards)
74
in the final stages of dug testing, the patients are split into 2 groups. what happens to each group?
What is this type of trial called?
1 group is given the actual group and the other is given a placebo
blind trial
75
what is a placebo and why is it used in drug testing
a substance similar to a drug that doesn't do anything.
Used to create the placebo effect, where those given it expect the treatment to work and therefore begin to feel better even though the treatment is doing nothing.
76
what is a double blind trial in drug testing?
neither the patient or the doctor know weather the drug being given is the placebo or the actual drug
77
why re double blind trials used in drug testing?
so that the doctors monitoring the patients are not subconsciously influenced by their knowledge.
78
what 2 types of cells are used to create monoclonal antibodies
tumour cells and b-lymphocytes
79
why are tumour cells used to create monoclonal antibodies
they can divide very easily
80
why are b-lymphocytes used to create monoclonal antibodies
they can produce antibodies
81
what is the name of the cell made with tutor cells and b lymphocytes in the process of making monoclonal antibodies?
hybridoma
82
fact to remember (skip to next side)
hybridoma cells can be clones to get lots of identical cells that can produce the same antibodies.
these antibodies can be collected and purified.
83
how are b-lymphocytes taken that are specific to a pathogen in the process of making monoclonal antibodies?
a mouse is injected with the chosen pathogen. The lymphocyes are then taken from the mouse.
84
name 2 uses of monoclonal antibodies
cancer treatments
pregnancy tests
85
what are some disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
side effects such as low blood pressure, vomiting and fever.
also ethical concerns
86
what part of the lungs carry out gas exchange
alveoli
87
explain what happens in the alveoli
deoxygenated blood enters the lungs
oxygen diffues out of the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the the blood into the alveoli where it can be breathed out.
88
name a way alveoli are adapted to their function
rich blood supply
89
true or false, the heart is a double circulatory system
true
90
define double circulatory system
two circuits joined together- deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs AND to the rest of the body
91
what do the valves in the heart do
prevent the backflow of blood
92
explain the path that blood takes around the heart and body
blood enters the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium
the heart contracts and pushes blood into the right ventricle.
the ventricles contract forcing blood into the pulmonary artery where it goes to the lungs to be oxygenated.
the blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium.
Left atrium contracts and blood is forced into the left ventricle.
left ventricle contacts and blood id forced through the aorta where oxygenated blood is transported through the body.
93
where is the hearts natural pacemaker located
right atrium
94
what are the 3 types of blood vessles
capillaries
arteries
veins
95
what do arteries do
carry high pressure oxygenated blood around the body
96
what do capillaries do
transport blood very close to every cell in the body to exchange substances
97
how are arteries adapted to their function
thick muscular walls to help with the high pressure
have elastic fibres to make them stretch and spring back
98
how are capillaries adapted to their function
VERY small (one cell thick walls)
permeable walls for easy diffusion of substances
99
what do veins do
transport deoxygenated blood at lower pressure back to the heart
100
how are veins adapted to their function
contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood
larger lumen than arteries to help the blood flow
thinner walls as the pressure they need to withstand is lower
101
what is the job of red blood cells in the blood
carry oxygen
102
what is the job of white blood cells in the blood
defend against infection
103
what is the job of platelet cells in the blood
help blood to clot at wounds
104
what is the job of plasma in the blood
(literally everything)
carries red + white blood cells, platelets
nutrients like glucose and amino acid
carbon dioxide
urea
hormones
proteins
antibodies and antitoxins
105
what do the coronary arteries do
supply oxygenated blood to the heart
106
what is CHD (coronary heart disease)
when the coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty material building up.
107
what does CHD do?
causes the coronary arteries to become narrow and therefore restrict blood flow.
this causes a lack of oxygen to the heart and can result in a heart attack
108
how do stents help treat CHD
keep arteries open making sure blood can pass through
109
what are stents
tubes that are inserted inside arteries
110
what are the risks of stents
complications during surgery
risk of infection from surgery
rick of blood clot developing near the stent
111
what do statins do
lower cholesterol which can prevent CHD and other health problems
112
what are the risks of statins
they are a long term drug that need to be taken regularly- ricks of someone forgetting
can have side effects like headaches
effects are not instant
