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year 10 > Biology- The Hormonal System > Flashcards

Biology- The Hormonal System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pancreas make?

A
  • makes insulin and glucagon
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2
Q

What is the function of Insulin?

A
  • lowers blood sugar by changing it into glycogen.
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3
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A
  • increases blood sugar
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4
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A
  • make oestrogen and progesterone in females
  • these control the menstrual cycle and develop female features during puberty
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5
Q

What is the pituitary?

A
  • gland at the base of the brain
    -makes hormones and controls things like growth, water balance, sperm and egg production
    -also makes hormones that control other hormonal glands
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6
Q

What does the thyroid make?

A
  • thyroxin
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7
Q

What is the function of thyroxin?

A
  • regulates the rate of metabolism, too little and our chemical reactions slow down
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8
Q

When do your adrenal glands make adrenaline?

A
  • when you are frightened or angry
    -adrenaline helps your body cope with emergency
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9
Q

What do the testes make?

A
  • testosterone in males
  • this develops male features during puberty
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10
Q

Why is glucose needed by cells?

A
  • for respiration
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11
Q

What makes sure glucose level in the blood is kept at the correct level?

A
  • homeostasis
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12
Q

What continually monitors the level of glucose?

A
  • the pancrease
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13
Q

What are the two hormones that the pancreas produces?

A

-insulin
-glucagon

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14
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon made?

A
  • by the cells of the pancreas and then secreted into the blood
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15
Q

After they are secreted in the blood, where do the hormones travel?

A
  • to their target organ (the liver) where the response occurs
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16
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the pancreas if glucose level is too high?

A
  • insulin
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17
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the pancreas if glucose level is too low?

A
  • glucagon
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18
Q

What is the effect of the liver when insulin is secreted by the pancreas?

A
  • liver converts glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles?
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19
Q

What is the effect of the liver when glucagon is secreted by the pancreas?

A
  • liver converts glycogen into glucose
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20
Q

What is the effect on glucose level when insulin is secreted by the pancreas?

A
  • goes down as glucose is removed from the blood
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21
Q

What is the effect on glucose level when glucagon is secreted by the pancreas?

A
  • goes up as glucose is released into the blood from the liver cells
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22
Q

How is the quality of action and response different between the NS and the HS?

A
  • NS may be involuntary or voluntary
  • HS is always voluntary
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23
Q

How long is the duration of affects different between the HS and the NS?

A
  • HS is short lived or long lived
    -NS is shortlived
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24
Q

How are the forms of information different between the NS and the HS?

A
  • NS involves nervous impulse
    -HS involves hormones (chemical impulses)
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25
Q

What is the process if the normal blood glucose level is too high?

A
  • stimulus- rising blood glucose level
    -high blood glucose level detected by insulin secreting cells of pancreas
    -insulin secreting cells of pancreas stimulated too release insulin into the blood
  • either liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
  • or most body cells take up more glucose
    -blood glucose level declines to a set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes and body returns to homeostasis
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26
Q

What is the process if the normal blood glucose level is too low?

A
  • stimulus- declining blood glucose level
    -low blood glucose level detected by glucagon releasing cells of pancreas
    -glucagon- releasing cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood; target is in the liver
    -liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood
    -blood glucose level rises to set point ; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes and body returns to homeostasis
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27
Q

What is water taken into the body through?

A

-ingesting food and drink

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28
Q

How does water leave the body?

A

-via the lungs during exhalation

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29
Q

What is lost through the skin in sweat?

A
  • water, ions, urea
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30
Q

What is removed via the kidneys in the urine?

A
  • excess water, excess ions, urea
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31
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A
  • maintain the water balance of the body
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32
Q

What do the kidneys produce urine by?

A
  • filtration of the blood and selective re absorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ion and water
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33
Q

What does the urea do with the kidney?

A
  • filters urea out the blood
  • urea is then excreted in the urine
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34
Q

What do Ions do with the kidney?

A
  • reabsorbs some ions
  • kidney filters excess ions out the blood and excretes them in the urine
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35
Q

What does water do with the kidney?

A
  • kidney filters out excess water from the blood
    -excess water is excreted in the urine
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36
Q

What does glucose do with the kidney?

A
  • the kidney selectively reabsorbs all the glucose to return it to the plasma.
37
Q

What happens to the ammonia in the urea?

A
  • its toxic
  • so its immediately converted to urea for safe excretion by the kidney in the urine
38
Q

Why is water regulation essential?

A
  • to prevent cells rupturing or crenating
39
Q

Where do ions enter through?

A
  • ingestion of food
40
Q

What are the two functions of the nephron?

A
  • filtering the blood
  • reabsorbing any useful substances
41
Q

During filtration, where is blood brought? What does it contain a lot of?

A
  • to each kidney in the renal artery
  • the blood contains a lot of urea
42
Q

What happens when the renal artery branches?

A
  • each branch ends in a bunch of capillaries called a glomerulus
43
Q

Where is the glomerulus?

A
  • inside part of the nephron called the Bowens capsule
44
Q

What happens as blood passes through each glomerulus?

A
  • it is filtered
45
Q

Why are molecules like glucose, ions, water and urea filtered out of the blood in to the nephrons but proteins are not?

A
  • small molecules
  • proteins are too big
  • under pressure only small molecules are passed out
46
Q

What is the process where useful substances by the body are reabsorbed back into the blood?

A
  • selective reabsorption
47
Q

What is the water level in the body controlled by?

A
  • by hormones ADH which acts on the kidney tubules
48
Q

What do receptors in the brain detect?

A
  • detect changes in the water content of the blood plasma
49
Q

What would happen if the water content of the plasma is too low?

A

-ADH is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated
-increases permeability of the kidney tubules to water
-this causes more water to be absorbed back into the blood plasma from kidney tubules
-lower volume of urine is produced
-makes urine more concentrated

50
Q

What would happen if the water content of the plasma is too high?

A

-Less/No ADH is produced or secreted when the blood is too dilute
-decreases permeability of the kidney tubules to water
-this causes less water to be reabsorbed back into the blood plasma from kidney tubules
-greater volume of urine is produced
-makes urine more dilute

51
Q

Why can kidney damage occur?

A
  • kidney infection, genetic disease, road traffic accident
52
Q

What can kidney failure result in?

A
  • death as toxins, such as urea build up in the blood
53
Q

What is Dialysis treatment?

A
  • one method of artificially filtering the blood
54
Q

The Dialysis machine carries out the same role as the kidneys- What are these roles?

A
  • remove excess water, remove excess ions, remove urea
55
Q

What does the kidney machine consist of?

A
  • partially permeable membrane that separates the arterial blood from a dialysis fluid
56
Q

How does Dialysis work?

A

1- blood leaves arm through artery
2- blood is passed through a pump to maintain the pressure to ensure the blood continues to flow through the system
3- anticoagulants are added to blood to prevent clogging
4-thinned blood enters dialysis machine
5-blood passes over dialysis membrane
6-fluid passes the other side of dialysis membrane and flows in the opposite direction to the blood
7 waste materials remove (urea, excess ions, water)
8- glucose not removed as conc is kept at level
9-filtered blood flows
10-filtered blood returned to patients vein

57
Q

Who can donate a kidney?

A
  • living donors (close relative or stranger)
  • cadavers (road traffic incident, stroke)
    -Xenotransplants (genetically engineered pigs)
58
Q

What happens to the diseased/damaged kidney?

A
  • remain in the body of the person
59
Q

Why may the donor kidney be rejected?

A
  • antigens on the surface of the donor kidney cells are recognised as foreign and causes the immune system to attack the donor kidney
60
Q

What happens when an organ is rejected?

A
  • antibodies of the recipient attack the antigens on the donor kidney causing kidney cell death and kidney tissue death
61
Q

How can the risks of rejection be reduced?

A
  • take immunosuppressants for life- these reduce the risk of rejection and recipients ability to cope with all infectious diseases
  • tissue match the organ to be donated
62
Q

What situation result in no risk of rejection?

A
  • an identical twin as they have the same antigens on the surface of their cell membranes
63
Q

What are the advantages of kidney transplants?

A
  • live a normal life with no regular trips to the hospital
  • long term cost is low
    -good success rate
64
Q

What are the disadvantages of kidney transplants?

A
  • need to take immunosuppressants for life
    -needs to be repeated after 10 years
    -tissue matching is essential
    -shortage of suitable donor organs
65
Q

What is the oestrogen only pill?

A
  • sustained high levels of oestrogen inhibits the release of FSH
  • prevents egg from maturing, so prevents release of egg
66
Q

What is the progesterone only pill?

A
  • stimulates mucus at the neck of the uterus to thicken
    -therefore, prevents sperm from entering uterus and reaching the egg
67
Q

What is the combined oestrogen and progesterone pill?

A
  • prevents production of FSH
    -causes mucus in neck of uterus to thicken making it harder for sperm to reach uterus
    -thin lining on uterus makes it harder for the zygote to implant
68
Q

What are patches?

A
  • combined oestrogen and progesterone
    -typically last one week
69
Q

What is the implant?

A
  • progesterone
    -typically last three years
70
Q

What is the injection?

A
  • progesterone
    -last 2-3 months
71
Q

What are the barrier methods of contraception?

A
  • condoms, femidoms, diaphragm
    -non hormonal method
    -prevent STDS and sperm reaching the egg
72
Q

What are intrauterine devices?

A
  • progesterone, copper
  • release hormones that prevent implantation of an embryo
73
Q

What are spermicidal agents?

A
  • contra gel
  • kill or disable sperm
74
Q

What is tubal ligation?

A
  • cutting and trying of fallopian tubes prevents the passage of an egg to the uterus
75
Q

What is vasectomy?

A
  • sperm ducts can be cut and tied to prevent the ejaculation of sperm in the semen
76
Q

What can hormones be used for?

A
  • increase fertility in women, sometimes when they have low natural fertility levels
77
Q

What is the treatment of low fertility levels?

A
  • FSH and LH are given to women with low fertility to stimulate ovulation
78
Q

What are the advantages of hormone treatment?

A
  • increase chance of female getting pregnant
79
Q

What are the disadvantages of hormone treatment?

A
  • not always successful, women may need more than once which gets expensive
    -lead women releasing more than one egg at ovulation- leads to multiple births (triplets)
80
Q

What is IVF?

A
  • when the women has blocked fallopian tubes
    -male sperm count or motility low
81
Q

What is the process of IVF?

A
  • women given hormones to increase production of raw eggs
    -mature eggs collected from the ovary
    -sperm collected from male partner
    -sperm injected into the mature egg in a laboratory technique
    -fertilised eggs develop into a ball of cells called an embryo
  • after 5 days they are transferred to a women’s uterus
82
Q

What are the advantages of IVF?

A
  • Increase chance of infertile couple
83
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF?

A
  • multiple births
    -success rate is slow
    -stressful/emotional procedure for the couple
84
Q

What are the roles of the thyroxine?

A
  • hormone produced by thyroid gland
    -transported around the body in the blood plasma
    -controls cells metabolism
85
Q

What are the controls of the thyroxine levels?

A
  • negative feedback controls levels of thyroxine
    -negative feedback ensure any changes are reversed and returned back to normal level
86
Q

What are the disorders affecting the thyroid gland? Hypothyroidism?

A
  • underactive thyroid gland- which can cause tiredness, weight gain
    -successfully treated by taking daily hormone tablets
  • what happens when the thyroid gland is overreactive (producing too much thyroid hormone)
    -more common in women
    -treatment varies
87
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A
  • produced in the adrenal glands
    -in times of fear/stress
    -targets vital organs, increases heart rate
    -prepares body for flight or fright
88
Q

What is the control of thyroxine levels?

A
  • positive feedback controls levels of adrenaline
    -ensures any changes are enhanced
    -as levels of adrenaline increase in the bloodstream more thyroxine is released
89
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • when adrenaline is released into the bloodstream the effects are: increased pulse rate, increased depth of breathing
    -effects allow body to prepare for action in situations where a quick response may be essential
    -is converted into a less active compound by the liver

year 10 (21 decks)

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