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year 10 > Topic 1 Energy GCSE physics > Flashcards

Topic 1 Energy GCSE physics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the energy stores?

A

thermal, kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear (energy stores)

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2
Q

What are the ways energy is transferred?

A

mechanically (by force doing work), electrically (work done by moving charges), heating/radiation

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3
Q

What happens when a system changes?

A
  • energy is transferred
  • it can be transferred into or away from the system
  • between different objects in the system or between different types of energy stores
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4
Q

What are closed systems?

A
  • systems where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave
  • net change in total energy is always zero
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5
Q

When can work be done?

A
  • when current flows
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6
Q

How does energy transfer when a person throws a ball?

A
  • initial force exerted by a person to throw a ball upwards does work
  • causes an energy transfer from the chemical energy store of the persons arm to the kinetic energy store of the ball and arm
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7
Q

How does energy transfer when a ball is dropped from a height?

A
  • accelerated by gravity
  • gravitational force does work
  • energy transferred from balls gravitational potential energy store to its kinetic energy store
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8
Q

How does energy transfer between a cars breaks and its wheels?

A
  • friction between break and wheels does work as it slows down
  • energy transfer from wheels kinetic to thermal energy stores of the surroundings
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9
Q

How is energy transferred during a collision between the car and a stationary object?

A
  • normal contact force between car and the object does work
  • causes energy to be transferred from the cars kinetic energy to other energy stores
    (elastic potential and thermal of object and car body)
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10
Q

What is the conservation of energy principle?

A
  • energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but can never be created or destroyed
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11
Q

Is all of the energy transferred between stores useful?

A
  • not all energy is transferred usefully
  • some energy is dissipated
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12
Q

How is energy wasted with a mobile phone?

A
  • energy usefully transferred from chemical store (battery)
  • some is dissipated to thermal energy of the phone (phone feels warm when you use it for a while)
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13
Q

How is energy transferred in a closed system? (cold spoon)

A
  • cold spoon dropped from an insulated flask of hot soup which is then sealed
  • energy transferred from thermal store of soup to useless thermal energy store of spoon
  • energy transfers have occurred within the system but no energy has left the system (net change =0)
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14
Q

What is power?

A
  • rate of energy transfer or the rate of doing work
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15
Q

How can you calculate power?

A

power= energy transferred/time

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16
Q

What is a “powerful machine”?

A
  • one which transfers a lot of energy is a short space of time
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17
Q

Where does conduction mainly occur?

A
  • in a solid
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18
Q

What is conduction?

A
  • conduction is the process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles
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19
Q

What is thermal conductivity?

A
  • measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material in this way
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20
Q

Where is energy transferred to an object by heating transferred to?

A
  • thermal stores of object
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21
Q

What happens to the particles during conduction?

A
  • particles in the part of the object being heated vibrate more and collide with each other
  • collisions cause energy to be transferred between particles kinetic energy store
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22
Q

Does the process of conduction continue throughout the whole object?

A
  • yes
  • until energy is transferred to the other side of the object
  • then transferred to thermal energy stores of the surroundings
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23
Q

What is convection?

A
  • where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
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24
Q

Where does convection occur?

A
  • only in liquids and gases
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25
Q

How is convection different to conduction in terms of moving particles?

A
  • unlike solids, the particles in a liquid are able to move
  • when you heat, the particles move faster and the space between individual particles increases
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26
Q

What do radiators create?

A
  • convectional currents
  • heating a room with a radiator relies on creating convection currents in the air of the room
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27
Q

How is energy transferred in radiators?

A
  • from radiator to nearby air particles by conduction
  • air by radiator becomes warmer and less dense
  • warm air rises and is replaced by cooler air
  • cooler air is then heated by the radiator
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28
Q

What is a convection current (with the radiator)?

A
  • previously heated air transfers energy to the surroundings
  • it cools, becomes denser and sinks
  • cycle then repeats causing a flow of air to circulate around the room (convection current)
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29
Q

What can lubricants be used for?

A
  • reduce the friction between the objects surfaces when they move
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30
Q

What is an example of a lubricant?

A
  • usually liquids (so they can flow easily between objects and coat them)
  • oil
31
Q

What can you do in your home to prevent energy losses through heating?

A
  • have thick walls that are made from material with low thermal conductivity
  • use thermal insulation (cavity walls, doubled-glazed windows)
32
Q

How can you investigate the effectiveness of materials as thermal insulators?

A

1- boil water in a kettle, pour some into a sealable container and measure the mass of the water
2- use thermometer to measure initial temp of water
3- seal container and leave for 5 mins
4- pour water away and allow container to cool at room temp
5- repeat experiment, but wrap container in a different material
- use the same mass of water at initial temp
6- lower temp difference the better the material is as a thermal insulator

33
Q

What is the equation for energy for energy transfer?

A

efficiency= useful output energy transfer/total input energy transfer

34
Q

What is the equation of efficiency when you don’t know the energy inputs?

A

efficiency= useful power output/total power input

35
Q

What is an example of a device that is 100% efficient?

A
  • electric heaters
  • because all the energy in the electrostatic energy store is transferred to useful thermal energy stores
36
Q

What the the non-renewable energy resources?

A
  • fossil fuels and nuclear fuel
37
Q

What are the three main fossil fuels?

A
  • coal, oil and natural gas
38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels?

A
  • will all run out one day
  • all do damage to the environment
  • however they are reliable
39
Q

What are the renewable energy resources?

A
  • sun, wind, water waves, hydroelectricity, biofuel, tides, geothermal
40
Q

What are the disadvantages and advantages of renewable energy resources?

A
  • never run out
  • most do damage to environment, but less than non- renewable
  • don’t provide much energy and sometimes unreliable
41
Q

How is non- renewable energy sources used for transport?

A
  • petrol and diesel powered vehicles
  • coal used in some old fashioned steam trains
42
Q

How is renewable energy sources used for transport?

A
  • vehicles running on bio-fuel or a mix of bio-fuel and petrol/diesel
43
Q

How is non-renewable energy sources used for heating?

A
  • natural gas for heating homes
  • coal burnt in fireplaces
  • electric heaters which use energy generated from non-renewable energy resources
44
Q

How is renewable energy sources used for heating?

A
  • geothermal heat pump uses geothermal energy resources to heat buildings
  • solar water heaters (by using sun to heat water which is pumped into radiators in the building)
45
Q

What does wind-power involve?

A
  • lots of wind turbines in exposed places like on moors or round coasts
  • each turbine has a generator inside and the rotating blades turn the generator and produce electricity
46
Q

What are the advantages of wind power?

A
  • no pollution
  • no permanent damage to landscape
  • no fuel costs and minimal running costs
47
Q

What are the dis- advantages of wind power?

A
  • initial cost is quite high
  • spoil the view
  • noisy for people living nearby
48
Q

What are solar cells?

A
  • generate electric current directly from sunlight
  • best source of energy to charge batteries in calculators and watches
  • often used in remote places
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of solar cells?

A
  • initial cost is high
  • generates electricity on a small scale
  • cant increase power input when there is extra demand
50
Q

What are the advantages of solar cells?

A
  • no pollution
  • sunny countries its very reliable
  • after initial cost, the energy is free
51
Q

What is geothermal power?

A
  • possible in volcanic areas or where hot rocks lie quite near the surfaces
  • used to generate electricity or to heat buildings directly
52
Q

What are the advantages of geothermal power?

A
  • free energy
  • reliable
  • little damage to environment
53
Q

What are the disadvantages of geothermal power?

A
  • many suitable locations for power plants
  • cost of building a power plant is often high compared to amount of energy it produces
54
Q

What does hydro-electric power require?

A
  • ## requires flooding of a valley by building a big dam
55
Q

What are the advantages of hydroelectric power?

A
  • provide immediate response to increased demand for electricity
  • no fuel costs and minimal running costs
  • useful way to generate electricity on a small scale in remote areas
56
Q

What are the dis- advantages of hydroelectric power?

A
  • initial cost are high
  • big impact on environment due to flooding of the valley
  • loss of habitat for some species
57
Q

What is wave power?

A
  • lots of small wave-powered turbines located around the coast
  • connected to a generator
58
Q

What are the advantages of wave power?

A
  • no pollution
  • after initial cost no fuel costs and minimal running costs
59
Q

What are the dis- advantages of wave power?

A
  • disturbing the sea-bed and the habitats of marine animals
  • spoiling the view
  • hazard to boats
  • initial cost is high
60
Q

What are tidal barriages?

A
  • big dams built across river estuaries with turbines in them
61
Q

How do tidal barrages work?

A
  • as the tide comes in it fills the estuary
  • water is then allowed out through the turbines at controlled speed
62
Q

How are tides produced?

A
  • produced by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon
63
Q

What are the advantages of tides?

A
  • no pollution
  • reliable (happen twice a day without fail)
  • after initial cost, no fuel costs or minimal running costs
64
Q

What are the disadvantages of wave power?

A
  • preventing free access by boats
  • spoiling the view
  • altering the habitat
65
Q

What are Bio-fuels?

A
  • renewable energy resource created from either plant products or animal dung
  • solid, liquid, gas
  • burnt to produce electricity
66
Q

What are the advantages of Bio-fuel?

A
  • reliable as crops take short time to grow
  • carbon neutral
67
Q

What are the dis-advantages of Bio-fuel?

A
  • cannot respond to immediate energy demands
  • cost to refine is very high
68
Q

Why are fossil fuels and nuclear energy reliable?

A
  • enough fossil and nuclear fuels to meet current demand
  • extracted from earth at fast enough rate that power plants always have fuel is stock
  • running cost is not that expensive
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels and nuclear energy?

A
  • fuels are slowly running out
  • if no new resources are found then fossil fuel stock may run out
70
Q

What are the disadvantages of coal, oil and gas?

A
  • release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when they are burnt
  • this CO2 adds to green house effect that contributes to global warming
  • also releases sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain (harmful to trees)
71
Q

How can acid rain be reduced?

A
  • taking sulfur out before the fuel is burnt or cleaning up the emissions
72
Q

What does coal mining cause?

A
  • makes a mess of the landscape
  • view can be spoilt
73
Q

What do oil spillages cause?

A
  • serious environmental problems
  • affecting mammals and birds that live in and around the sea
74
Q

What is the advantages on nuclear power?

A
  • nuclear fuel is cheap but overall cost of nuclear power is high

year 10 (21 decks)

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