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Grade 11 > Biology Unit 2 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 2 Flashcards

Diversity (46 cards)

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1
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Waxy coating that covers all plants to keep them from drying out

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2
Q

Vascular

A

Have vessels/tubes (xylem and phloem) that carries nutrients and water

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3
Q

Non-vascular

A

No vessels or tubes

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4
Q

Monocot

A

Seed creates 1 leaf as it sprouts

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5
Q

Dicot

A

Seed creates 2 leaves as it sprouts

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6
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Create seeds without fruit, often in cones

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7
Q

Angiosperms

A

Creates fruit for seeds

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8
Q

Meristems

A

Ares where cells undergo mitosis all the time. Occurs at the tips of roots and shoots for growth

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9
Q

Mosses

A

-Simple plant
-No vessels/tubes
-Small
-Undergo photosynthesis to create food
-Multicellular and have tissues
-Do not flower or produce seeds
-Use spores for reproduction

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10
Q

Ferns

A

-Contain vascular tissues
-Considered simple as they reproduce through spores
-Spread out by sending out horizontal stems (rhizomes)

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11
Q

Gymnosperms

A

-Pines, spruces, junipers, cedars, other cone bearing plants
-Needle like leaves to resist harsh winters and dry summers

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12
Q

Angiosperms

A

-Have vascular tissue
-Reproduce sexually using flowers that turn into fruits
-Fruit used to disperse seeds
-Most advanced version of plants

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13
Q

Fungi & Plants Similarities

A

-Cells are eukaryotic (contain nucleus)
-Numerous organelles
-Have cell walls
-Most anchored in soil or other substrate
-Reproduction can be sexual, asexual or both
-Stationary
-Multicellular and have tissues

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14
Q

Fungi & Plant Differences

A

Fungi-
-May have many nuclei per cell
-Heterotrophs
-Have few strange molecules
-No roots
-Have chitin in cell walls
-Reproduce through spores

Plants-
-Have 1 nuclei per cell
-Autorophs
-Store starch
-Most have roots
-Cellulose in cell walls
-Some reproduce by seeds

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15
Q

Fungi

A

-Breakdowns nutrients externally before being absorbed at or below the soil surface
-Most of what is seen above ground is the reproductive system
-Fungi may develop from a single spore so the “daughter” is an exact copy of the parent
-Can produce sexually if two spores with half a chromosome combine to create a new fungi
-Spores dispersed through air, water, or animals
-Fungi responsible for most decomposition
-In rainforests fungi are necessary to keep nutrient cycles moving
-Some fungi infect other organisms
-Molds, yeast, mushrooms, parasitic fungi (ex: athletes foot)

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16
Q

Lichen

A

-A combination of green algae (protist) and fungus growing together (mutualistic symbiotic relationship).
-This means both organisms benefit from each other and neither is harmed
-Attach to rocks, soil, and trees
-Three growth forms of lichen (crustose, foliose and fruticose)

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17
Q

Crustose

A

Adheres very closely to the substrates (base at which an organism moves/lives) at all points

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18
Q

Foliose

A

Lichen having a leaf-like thallus loosely attached to a surface

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19
Q

Fruticose

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A

A coral like shrubby or bushy growth structure and is composed of a thallus and a holdfast

20
Q

Lichen Thallus

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A

Body of the Lichen

21
Q

Lichen holdfast

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A

A peg like extension of the thallus that helps anchor lichens to the surface

22
Q

Antibiotics

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A

-A group of drugs used to treat bacterial infections
-Effective against prokaryotic cells but leave eukaryotic cells unharmed
-Two types of antibiotics (bactericidal and bacteriostatic)
-Some prevent the formation of bacterial cell walls, resulting in osmotic lysis

23
Q

Bactericidal

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A

Kills bacterial cells

24
Q

Bacteriostatic

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A

Slows the growth or reproduction of bacteria

25
Antibiotic Resistance
-In the presence of an antibiotic bacteria with resistance to that antibiotic (due to genetic mutation) have an advantage -They can survive and reproduce, giving rise to a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria -In some cases the resistance is evolving faster than the development of new antibiotics
26
Bacteria
-Make up 2 kingdoms (eubacteria and archaebactera) -Prokaryotic (have no nuclear membrane) -Have plasmids (circular pieces of DNA) -Single celled organisms -Reproduce asexually by cell division -Oxygen can kill certain bacteria -Can be heterotrophs (find food like parasites, decomposers) or autotrophs (use photosynthesis to make their own food) -Reproduce through binary fission
27
Archaebacteria
-Closer to eukaryotes than than eubacteria -Found in harsh environments like swamps, high salt, high temperature, or high acid -Do not have a molecule
28
Eubacteria
-Are either spherical (cocci or coccus), rod shaped (bacilli or bacillus) or spiral (spirilla or spirillum) -May live in groups, clusters or as individuals -Have a molecule called peptidoglycan -Some require oxygen while others don't (aerobic=need oxygen)
29
Binary Fission
Bacteria creating another exact copy of themselves using cell division (asexual reproduction)
30
Bacteria Conjugation
Bacteria Exchanging parts of their DNA to end up with a new set of characteristics (sexual reproduction)
31
Bacteria Transformation
Bacteria pick up buts of DNA from its environment and gain new characteristics
32
Protista
-Single celled -Eukaryotes (contain nucleus, nuclear membrane and other organelles) -Most live in water -More advanced than bacteria -Three types of protista (plant-like, animal-like, and fungi-like)
33
Fungi-like Protists
-Prefer cool, dark, moist places (under leaves or rotting logs) -Start as single celled amoeba like organism then organize into large, slimy mass
34
Plant-like Protists
-Contain chlorophyll and go through photosynthesis -6 subgroups (phyla), all with their own characteristics -Some are called algae
35
Algae
-Some are multicellular but don't have tissues -Found in soil, tree trunks and water -Contain chlorophyll and other pigments for photosynthesis -Can be called phytoplankton (unicellular or seaweeds (multicellular -Over 50% of global oxygen supplied by algae -Used in food, cosmetics, and drug capsules
36
Animal-like Protists
-Almost all are heterotrophs and engulf organisms to absorb nutrients directly into cell (exception is Euglena) -Organized into 4 phyla based on how they move -In bad conditions can go dormant (form cysts) and reactivate later -eg, blood parasites, amoebas, paramecium, giardia
37
Euglena (characteristics if both plants and animals)
-Has one or two flagella to move it around -Has an eyespot that senses light -Cell membrane but no cell wall -Chloroplasts
38
Viruses
-Not considered living since they cannot live outside of cells -Cannot replicate on their own (must use host cells to replicate) -Not made up of cells and lack cytoplasm, organelles and cell membranes -Composed of genetic material (single stranded RNA or double stranded DNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid -Are infectious
39
To be considered living must be:
-Made up of cells -Need and use energy -Able to reproduce on their own -Able to create waste -Able to respond and adapt to their environment
40
Capsid
Protein coat surrounding the genetic material of a virus
41
RNA or DNA
Genetic material that virus are composed of (single stranded=RNA and double stranded=DNA
42
How to classify a virus
-Size and shape of capsid -Shape and structure of the virus -Type(s) of diseases the virus causes -Genome (set of genes) and type of genetic material (RNA or DNA) -Method of reproduction
43
Host Specificity
-Viruses may be limited to a particular plant or animal or even to a type of cell within an organism (they are selective)
44
Host Range
-The limited number of species that a virus will infect -eg. rabies has a broad range and will infect many mammals
45
Receptor Sites
-External recognition areas of the host cell that guide the virus -Proteins on the surface of the virus act like a 'key' to the receptors 'lock'
46

Grade 11 (6 decks)

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