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Biology 8 > Biology Unit > Flashcards

Biology Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

• Vaccine:
- A substance that causes a response in the body that
protects it against a specific disease
- Can be injected or taken orally

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2
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

• Vaccines contain small amounts of a pathogen
- Triggers immune response
- Immune system remembers the exposure to the
pathogen and can defend against it in the future
- A vaccinated person has immunity against the
disease.

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3
Q

What are the benefits of vaccination?

A

• Benefits of vaccination:

  • Can help protect people against pathogens
  • Help stop spread of the disease
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4
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

• Antibiotics:
- Substances that fight infections by killing bacteria or
preventing them by growing or reproducing
- Not effective against viruses

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5
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

• The first antibiotic: Penicillin
- Alexander fleming was growing bacteria on a petri
dish
- Dish had a large amount of mold, but no bacteria
growing around the mold
- Penicillin was derived from this mold

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6
Q

How did antibiotic-resistant bacteria form?

A

• Causes of antibiotic-resistant bacteria:

  • Overuse of antibiotics
  • Genetic mutations in the bacteria
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7
Q

What is a epidemic?

A

• Epidemic: The occurrence of disease cases above the
normal amount expected or a population in a defined
area

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8
Q

What is a outbreak?

A

• Outbreak: Same definition of epidemic

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9
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

• Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread over several

countries or continents, or around the world

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10
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

• Placebo effect: Patients claim a benefit from taking
something with no actual medical affects or active
ingredient

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11
Q

What is alternative medicine?

A

• Alternative medicine:
- Practices that claim to have healing effects
unsupported by science
- Usually based on traditional or religious beliefs

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12
Q

What is the first characteristic of living things?

A
  • All living things are made out of cells
    • Made out of one or more cells
    • Cells are the basic unit of life
    • Able to carry out life processes
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13
Q

List some life processes of a cell

A
  • Break down nutrients
  • Build molecules
  • grow
  • Copy genetic material
  • Heal
  • Excrete waste
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14
Q

What is a single-celled organism identified as?

A
  • Unicellular
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15
Q

What is a multi-celled organism identified as?

A
  • Multicellular
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16
Q

What is the second characteristic of life?

A
  • All living things take in nutrients
    • Substances organisms need to survive
    • Most organisms get the nutrients they need by
      consuming food
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17
Q

What is the difference between a producer and a consumer?

A
  • A consumer gets nutrients by consuming food

- A Producer gets nutrients by the food they make for themselves.

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18
Q

What is the third characteristic of life?

A
  • Living things use energy

- To carry out life processes

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19
Q

How is energy released?

A
  • Energy is released through a process called cellular
    respiration
  • Sugar and oxygen get converted to carbon, water and
    carbon dioxide
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20
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A
  • Carbon, water and suns energy get converted to sugar and oxygen.
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21
Q

What is the fourth characteristic of organisms?

A
  • living things produce waste that must be removed
    • Produce harmful waste that is removed through life
      processes
      • All cells have structures that store and remove
        waste
        • Unicellular and Multicellular organisms both
          contain different structures that excrete waste
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22
Q

How does a multicellular organism excrete waste?

A
  • Multicellular organisms contain structures or systems
    that collect and excrete waste
    • E.g
      • Kidneys
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23
Q

How does a unicellular organism excrete waste

A
  • Some waste passes across the outer membrane of
    the cell
  • Other waste is expelled from the cell through a
    structure called the vesicle
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24
Q

What is the fifth characteristic of a living organism?

A
  • Living things respond to stimuli
    • Stimuli is anything that causes a organism to react in
      a certain way
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25
What is internal stimuli?
- Stimuli that occurs inside the hosts body. | - Living organisms respond to internal stimuli
26
What is external stimuli?
- Stimuli that occurs outside of the hosts body. | - Living organisms respond to external stimuli
27
How does a multicellular organism respond to stimuli?
- Multicellular organisms have sense organs and/or a | nervous system to respond to stimuli
28
What is the 6th characteristic of life?
- Living things grow and develop - -> Grow = Get larger in quantity/size of cell - -> Develop = Structural changes
29
How does a unicellular organism grow?
- They grow by increasing their size
30
How does a multicellular organism grow?
- Increasing their quantity of cells.
31
What is the seventh characteristic of living things?
- All organisms reproduce | - Produce more of themselves to pass on their genetic material ( DNA or Rna)
32
What does DNA and RNA stand for?
- DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid | - RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
33
How do unicellular organisms reproduce?
- Many unicellular organisms reproduce by dividing into two cells - Asexual reproduction
34
How do multicellular organisms reproduce?
- By sexual reproduction - Two parents; offspring are genetically different than the parents.
35
How does asexual reproduction work?
- One parent; offspring identical to the parent
36
How do unicellular organisms respond to stimuli?
- Have structures that allow them to sense and respond to changes in the environment
37
Cell membrane
- Surrounds and protects cell contents. - Controls what goes in and out of the cell; forms a barrier with the outside environment. - Found in all cells
38
Cytoplasm
- Jelly-like fluid in which internal organelles float. | - Found in all cells
39
Ribosomes
- The site of protein synthesis. | - Found in all cells
40
Nucleus
- The brain of the cell; contains DNA, controls the cells activity including cell division. - Found in Eukaryotic, animal and plant cells
41
Smooth ER
- Detoxification; fat synthesis. | - Found in Eukaryotic, plant and animal cells
42
Rough ER
- Anchors ribosomes from protein synthesis, transports modified protein to Golgi bodies. - Found in Eukaryotic, plant and animal cells
43
Golgi Bodies
- For packaging modification, secretion of substances for export in and out of the cell. - Found in Eukaryotic, plant and animal cells
44
Mitochondria
- Bean-shaped structures that convert 0₂ and glucose into CO₂, H₂O, and ATP. - Found in Eukaryotic, plant and animal cells
45
Cell Wall
- A tough ridged outer layer of plant cells; structural support in plant cells. - Found in Eukaryotic, prokaryotic, bacteria, and plant
46
Chloroplast
- In plants, green segments (Chlorophyll) that turn light, CO₂, and H₂0 into glucose. - Found in Eukaryotic, plant and animal cells
47
Vacuole
- Large vesicles, in plants act to store water and nutrients, help support plant due to pressure. - In plants, are known as a large central vacuole. Animal cells have many smaller vacuoles. - Found in Eukaryotic, plant and animal cells
48
Vesicle
- Small-membrane-bound sacs for transporting material in, around, and out of the cell, also used for storage of various materials. - Found in Eukaryotic, plant and animal cells
49
Nucleoid
- Region of genetic material | - Found in bacteria cell
50
Flagellum
- Long whip like tail for movement | - Found in animal and bacteria cells.
51
Plasmid
- Ring of bacterial dna. | - Found in bacteria cell
52
Fimbria
- Protein bridge, used to transfer dna, cell to cell | - Found in bacteria cell
53
I have a cell membrane
Both
54
I have a nucleus
Eukaryotic
55
Bacteria are an example of me
Prokaryotic
56
Fungi
Eukaryotic
57
Animal
Eukaryotic
58
I contain ribosomes
Both
59
I contain membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic
60
I contain cytoplasm
Both
61
Your body cells are made out of this type of cell
Eukaryotic
62
Protists are an example of me
Eukaryotic
63
Plants are an example of me
Eukaryotic
64
I contain genetic material such as DNA
Both
65
What are the two types of defence lines?
• Two type of defence lines: - Inhate (Born with it) - Acquired (Received)
66
What is the first line of defence?
• First line of defence: Barriers - Skin - Nose (Cillia) - Mucus - Stomach acid - Microbiome
67
What's the second line of defence?
• 2nd line of defence: Automatic response - White blood cells - Inflammatory response: Inflammation - Fever • Natural response to infections • Heats up body to speed up cells to fight bacteria
68
What's the third line of defence?
• Third line of defence: Acquired (Received) - Lymphocyte • White blood cells that remember past pathogens to treat future ones: Immunity • Antibodies tag pathogens to identify them for removal by white blood cells.
69
What is a prokaryotic cell?
• Prokaryotic cells: - Cells without a nucleus - Simpler with fewer internal structures - Internal parts are not surrounded by membranes
70
What is a eukaryotic cell?
• Eukaryotic cell: - Has a nucleus - More complex with internal structures surrounded by membranes called organelles
71
What does the cell theory state?
``` • Cell theory: - All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular - The cell is the basic unit of life - Cells arise from pre-existing cells ```

Biology 8 (9 decks)

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