Biomechanics Final

Question 1

__________ is a description of the movement of the human body as a whole

Answer 1

translation of the COM

Question 2

Human movement is powered by musles that ________ the limbs

Answer 2

rotate

Question 3

Rotation of a joint is called?

Answer 3

angular motion

Question 4

What is a common clinical example for measuring angular motion?

Answer 4

Goniometer

Question 5

The ________ is the pivot point for what kind of motion?

Answer 5

axis; angular

Question 6

The motion of a rotating body is ______° at the axis

Answer 6

0

Question 7

A ____________ _____________ is a series of articulated segmented links

Answer 7

kinematic chain

Question 8

A squat is an example of a __________ segment, rotating on a fixed _________ segment

Closed or Open Chain?

Answer 8

proximal; distal

closed

Question 9

A soccer kick is an example of a __________ segment, rotating on a fixed _________ segment

Closed or Open Chain?

Answer 9

distal; proximal

open

Question 10

Is a squat…

A. femoral-on-tibial movement
or
B. tibial-on-femur movement

Answer 10

A.

Question 11

Is a soccer kick…

A. femoral-on-tibial movement
or
B. tibial-on-femur movement

Answer 11

B.

Question 12

A _______ happens when multiple points along one rotating surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

A. slide
B. roll
C. spin

Answer 12

B.

Question 13

A _______ happens when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

A. slide
B. spin
C. roll

Answer 13

A.

Question 14

A _______ happens when a single point on one articular surface rotates on one single point on another articular surface

A. roll
B. slide
C. spin

Answer 14

C.

Question 15

______ is the effect of forces on the body

Answer 15

Kinetics

Question 16

Force = ____ x _____

Answer 16

m x a

Question 17

_______ is a push or pull that can produce/arrest/or modify movement

Answer 17

force

Question 18

What do you measure force in?

Answer 18

Newtons (N)

Question 19

Know this picture

Question 20

Know all of these

Question 21

Which force is most common and can cause a lot of damage?

Answer 21

shear

Question 22

When somene goes into neck FLX, the anterior side of the disc _______ and the posterior side creates ________

A. shears; bends
B. compresses; tension
C. bends; tension

Answer 22

C.

Question 23

The plastic region in the strain curve is where?

Answer 23

energy is lost

Question 24

The blue elastic region on the strain curve is where?

Answer 24

energy is recovered (returns to original length)

Question 25

________ indicates increasing de‐ formation under constant load

Answer 25

creep

Question 26

Internal torque = _______ force and _______ moment arm

Answer 26

internal; internal

Question 27

External torque = _______ force and _______ moment arm

Answer 27

external; external

Question 28

If the IT and ET are = you have ....

Answer 28

static rotary equilibrium

Question 29

________ = moment arm length possessed by a particular force; changes throughout the ROM

Answer 29

Leverage

Question 30

________ maintains a constant length; internal = external torque

Answer 30

isometric

Question 31

_______ muscle shortens; internal torque > external; rotation in direction of activated muscle

Answer 31

concentric

Question 31

_________ muscle lengthens (still a pulling force) as it is being elongated by another more dominant force; external torque > internal; joint rotation is dictated by external torque

Answer 31

eccentric

Question 32

_________ muscle/muscle group initiates or executes the particular movement (ant tib and DF)

Answer 32

agonist

Question 33

__________ opposite action of a particular agonist (gastric/soleus to ant tib)

Answer 33

antagonist

Question 34

__________ cooperating muscles for execution of a particular movement (FCR FCU)

Answer 34

synergist

Question 35

__________ 2 or more muscles produce forces in different linear directions – resulting torques act in same rotatory direction.

Answer 35

force couple

Question 36

________: path of serial locations for the IAR

Answer 36

Evolute

Question 37

What is an measurement tool example of the average axis of rotation used?

Answer 37

goniometer

Question 38

Question 39

Question 40

What do forces on the body have an impact on?

Answer 40

aging, trauma, prolonged immobilization, disease

Question 41

With the strain/stress chart, ______ represents the increase in the tissue related to original length

Answer 41

X

Question 42

With the strain/stress chart, ______ represents the internal resistance generated as it is resisting deformation

Answer 42

Y

Question 43

What are the 7 synovial joints?

Answer 43

1. Hinge 2. Pivot 3. Ellipsoid 4. Ball-and-socket 5. Plane 6. Saddle 7. Condyloid

Question 44

With collagen, a triple helix is... ______--> _______-->________ wrap @ each other in a spiral) called a fibril → in ligaments and tendons these twist @ each other again (R/L

Answer 44

tropchollagenic molecule, bind together microfibril, collagen fibril

Question 45

With collagen, stress is always in the same direction fibers will orient themselves to run ________ (tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

Answer 45

parallel

Question 46

With collagen, If stress in different directions it leads to an __________ lattice effect (capsules, fascia, interneural and intramuscular CT)

Answer 46

interlaced

Question 47

________ is the glue that holds us together

Answer 47

Ground Substance

Question 48

What are the two basic elements of connective tissue?

Answer 48

1. cells and extra-cellular matrix made of fibrous components 2. ground substance

Question 49

_________ is made up of water-saturated matrix or gel

Answer 49

ground substance

Question 50

_______ give physical resilience

Answer 50

GAGs

Question 51

The _____/_______ of the matrix: determined by the stress that impacts the cells

Answer 51

composition/role

Question 52

GAG is a ______ _________ (a sugar protein complex with water binding properties) complex)

Answer 52

large proteoglycan

Question 53

Nutrition to the cartilage happens via _______ _______ which is a milking action

Answer 53

synovial fluid

Question 54

Nutrition to the cartilage has type _______ collagen in varying degrees of alignment – like scaffolding

Answer 54

II

Question 55

Nutrition to the cartilage: Large ________ complexes are trapped They attract ________ (negative charge) but ______ each other The _______ and hydrophilic nature of the sugar chains help the PGs ______cells from outside forces. ________ the capacity for loads (decreases or increases)

Answer 55

proteogylycan water; repel stifness; protect increases

Question 56

_________ resorbs bone

Answer 56

osteoclasts

Question 57

_______ lays down new bone

Answer 57

osteoblasts

Question 58

______ is constantly altering its shape/strength/density in response to external forces A. muscle B. tissue C. bone

Answer 58

bone

Question 59

Bone ‘spurs’ or osteophytes may form from increased ________ ________ (discal or instability)

Answer 59

spinal stresses

Question 60

________ are constantly synthesizing ground substance/collagen; deposition of salts

Answer 60

osteoblasts

Question 61

_______ ________ is when tension and compression cycle creates a small electrical potential that stimulates bone deposition and increased density at points of stress

Answer 61

Wolf's Law

Question 62

With immobilization, there are marked changes in the structure and function of its connective tissues- loss of ______, ______, _______

Answer 62

mass, volume, strength

Question 63

With immobilization, mechanical _______ is reduced- due to level of forces on musculoskeletal system reduced

Answer 63

strength

Question 64

What two factors helps with aging impact on periarticular connective tissue and bone?

Answer 64

physical activity and resistance training

Question 65

In general aging is accompanied by a slowing of the rate of ______ ______ and _______ replacement and repair in all periarticular tissues and bone

Answer 65

fibrous proteins; proteoglycan

Question 66

_______ is a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle cell/fiber

Answer 66

endomysium

Question 67

_________ the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle)

Answer 67

perimysium

Question 68

________ a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle bell

Answer 68

epimysium

Question 69

What are the two contractile (active) proteins?

Answer 69

actin and myosin

Question 70

Non-contractile structural proteins: ___________ within muscle fibers (cells) supportive structures between ________

Answer 70

cytoskeleton fibers

Question 71

Non-contractile structural proteins play a role in ________ _______ ______ but do not contract

Answer 71

transmission of force

Question 72

________ provides ______ tension within the muscle fiber (cell) A. desmin; alignment B. titin; passive

Answer 72

B

Question 73

________ stabilizes the _______ of adjacent sacromeres A. desmin; alignment B. titin; passive

Answer 73

A

Question 74

With ______ muscles the fibers run __________ to one another and to a central ______ A. pennate, opposite, tissue B. fusiform, parallel, tendon C. bipennate, parallel, tendon

Answer 74

B.

Question 75

_______ muscles are designed for mobility, low force over a long range

Answer 75

fusiform

Question 76

________ muscles have fibers that approach the tendon _______

Answer 76

pennate, obliquely

Question 77

________ muscles have a larger # of fibers per area A. pennate B. fusiform

Answer 77

A

Question 78

________ muscles generate relatively larger forces A. fusiform B. pennate

Answer 78

pennate