biomechanics module 3 - sem1

Question 1

what are the 3 segments of the lower limb

Answer 1

thigh, leg, foot

Question 2

what are the 3 major joints of the lower limb

Answer 2

hip, ankle, knee

Question 3

2 functions of the lower limb

Answer 3

movement
weight bearing

Question 4

what type of joint is the hip joint

Answer 4

ball and socket synovial joint

Question 5

what does synovial fluid do

Answer 5

lubricate the joint and provide nutrients to the articular cartilage

Question 6

is the hip joint intrinsically stable or unstable, and why

Answer 6

intrinsically stable
due to the shape, the strong joint capsule, and the surrounding ligaments and muscles

Question 7

where does the greatest range of motion of the hip joint occur

Answer 7

sagittal plane
flexion and extension

Question 8

what occurs in the frontal plane of the hip joint

Answer 8

abduction and adduction

Question 9

what occurs in the transverse plane of the hip joint

Answer 9

internal and external rotation

Question 10

what occurs in the sagittal plane

Answer 10

flexion and extension

Question 11

which stance has 3x the body weight in force required to stabilize

Answer 11

unilateral
bilateral is half body weight

Question 12

what articulations is the knee joint comprised of

Answer 12

tibiofemoral
patellofemoral

Question 13

the proximal surface of the tibia is covered with what

Answer 13

menisci

Question 14

what are menisci

Answer 14

crescent shaped fibrocartilage which are attached to the tibia by short tough ligaments

Question 15

function of menisci

Answer 15

absorb shock
distribute the force

Question 16

what happens when menisci are removed

Answer 16

the stress in the joint tissue is increased by approximately 3 times

Question 17

what ligaments bind the femur to the tibia

Answer 17

cruciate ligaments

Question 18

what type of bone is the patella

Answer 18

sesemoid bone
found in a tendon

Question 19

where does the stability of the knee arise from

Answer 19

ligaments
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
quadriceps muscle

Question 20

function of the acl and pcl

Answer 20

They limit forward and backwards sliding of the femur on the tibia and limit hyperextension.

Question 21

functions of medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Answer 21

prevent abduction and adduction respectively.

Question 22

what type of joint is the knee joint

Answer 22

hinge joint

Question 23

what path does the knee joints centre of rotation follow in the sagittal plane

Answer 23

semi-circular path as it is flexed and extended

Question 24

what is the screw-home mechanism

Answer 24

describes the spiral motion of the knee joint as it flexes and extends

Question 25

what plane does the majority of the knee joint motion occur

Answer 25

sagittal plane flexion and extension

Question 26

what is the range of motion in the transverse plane

Answer 26

The range of motion in the transverse plane is almost zero at full extension, increases with flexion to a maximum at around 90° of flexion and reduces with further flexion.

Question 27

function of the patella

Answer 27

increase the lever arm of the quadriceps muscle

Question 28

what type of joint is the ankle joint

Answer 28

a hinged synovial joint

Question 29

what are the 3 articulations at the ankle joint

Answer 29

tibiotalar (tibia and talus) fibulotalar (fibula and talus) distal tibiofibular (tibia and fibula)

Question 30

what bones make up the ankle joint

Answer 30

tibia fibula talus

Question 31

what ligaments stabilize the ankle joint

Answer 31

anteriorinferior talofibular, the medial and lateral ligaments

Question 32

what is dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Answer 32

dorsiflexion - ankle flexion - toe up plantarflexion - ankle extension - toe down

Question 33

what plane does most of the ankle joint motion occur in

Answer 33

sagittal

Question 34

what are the 3 parts of the food

Answer 34

hindfoot, mid foot , forefoot

Question 35

what makes up the hind foot

Answer 35

calcaneus

Question 36

what makes up the mid foot

Answer 36

cuboid, talus, navicular, cuneiforms

Question 37

what makes up the fore foot

Answer 37

phalanges and metatarsals

Question 38

what is the subtalar joint

Answer 38

articulation between the talus and the calcaneus

Question 39

what is the function of the subtalar joint

Answer 39

allows for the inversion and eversion of the foot inversion - inward rotation eversion - outward rotation

Question 40

what is the ligamentous structure which supports the longitudinal arches of the foot called

Answer 40

the plantar fascia

Question 41

what does the plantar fascia prevent

Answer 41

prevents the vertical force acting downwards at the ankle joint from collapsing the longitudinal arches